Name: Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2023-02-10T13:35:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 26 s
Description: Learn a two-step solvothermal protocol to synthesize single-crystalline core-shell MOFs using HKUST-1 and MOF-5. This method enables seamless interfaces for gas separation and catalysis applications.

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5 minutes

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Ministry of Science and the ICP (No. NRF-2020R1A2C3008908 and 2016R1A5A1009405).

CAUTION: Before conducting the experiment, thoroughly read and comprehend the material safety data sheets (MSDSs) of the chemicals used in this protocol. Wear appropriate protective gear. Utilize a fume hood for all synthesis procedures.
1. Synthesis of cubic HKUST-1
NOTE: The experimental procedure was based on a previously reported method14. For core-shell synthesis, 10 pots were synthesized at a time. Therefore, 10 pots of the solution were prepared at one time and then distributed.
<ol>
	<li>Add 4.72 g (20.3 mmol) of Cu(NO3)2&#183;2.5H2O to a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask and dissolve in 60 mL of a deionized (D.I.) water and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) mixture (1:1, v/v), swirling the flask manually.</li>
	<li>Add 1.76 g (8.38 mmol) of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) and 22 mL of ethanol to a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and stir the solution at 90 &#176;C on a heated hotplate until dissolution.</li>
	<li>Place 6 mL of solution 1.1 (solution prepared in step 1.1) into each 20 mL vial.</li>
	<li>While stirring and heating, add 2.2 mL of solution 1.2 (solution prepared in step 1.2) to a vial containing solution 1.1, and immediately add 12 mL of acetic acid. 
	NOTE: 12 mL of acetic acid should be added at once.</li>
	<li>Close the lid of the vial and place it in a convection oven heated to 55 &#176;C for 60 h.</li>
	<li>After 60 h, quickly decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals by adding and removing fresh ethanol (sufficient volume to fill the vial) three times using a dropper.</li>
	<li>For core-shell synthesis, store the cubic crystals of HKUST-1 in a 20 mL vial full of N,N-diethylformamide (DEF) solvent.</li>
</ol>
2. Synthesis of octahedral HKUST-1
<ol>
	<li>Combine 4.72 g (20.3 mmol) of Cu(NO3)2&#183;2.5H2O and 30 mL of D.I. water in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask, swirl the flask to dissolve the solid, and add 30 mL of DMF after dissolving.</li>
	<li>Add 3.60 g (17.1 mmol) of H3BTC to 45 mL of ethanol in a 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and stir the solution at 90 &#176;C on a heated hotplate until dissolution.</li>
	<li>Place 6 mL of solution 2.1 (solution prepared in step 2.1) into each 50 mL vial.</li>
	<li>While stirring and heating, add 4.5 mL of solution 2.2 (solution prepared in step 2.2) to a vial containing solution 2.1, and immediately add 12 mL of acetic acid. 
	NOTE: 12 mL of acetic acid should be added at once without dividing.</li>
	<li>Close the lid of the vial and place in a convection oven heated to 55 &#176;C for 22 h.</li>
	<li>After 22 h, quickly decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals by adding and removing fresh ethanol three times using a dropper.</li>
	<li>For core-shell synthesis, store octahedral crystals of HKUST-1 in a 20 mL vial full of DEF solvent.</li>
</ol>
3. Synthesis of HKUST-1@MOF-5 core-shell
NOTE: The core-shell synthesis method is the same for both octahedral and cubic HKUST-1.
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve 0.760 g (2.55 mmol) of Zn(NO3)2&#183;6H2O and 0.132 g (0.795 mmol) of terephthalic acid&#160;separately in 10 mL of DEF in a 20 mL vial, using a sonicator.</li>
	<li>Mix the total volume of both solutions in a 35 mL glass jar.</li>
	<li>Quickly weigh the filtered HKUST-1 crystals (5 mg), and place the crystals in the glass jar containing the mixed solution. To prevent static electricity, use a filter paper to weigh. Seal the jar tightly with a silicon cap.</li>
	<li>After spreading the HKUST-1 crystals well on the bottom of the glass jar, place the jar in a convection oven and heat at 85 &#176;C for 36 h.</li>
	<li>After 36 h, quickly decant the mother liquor and wash the resultant crystals by adding and removing fresh ethanol three times using a dropper.</li>
</ol>
4. Solvent exchange of HKUST-1@MOF-5 core-shell
<ol>
	<li>Discard the storing solvent, DEF, from the vial containing HKUST-1@MOF-5.</li>
	<li>Add dichloromethane (DCM) (volume to fill the vial) into the vial and shake it manually for effective exchange.</li>
	<li>Change the DCM solvent 3-4 times every 4 h.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Liu, C., Wang, J., Wan, J., Yu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((MOF-on-MOF+hybrids%3A+Synthesis+and+applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Coordination+Chemistry+Reviews%22%5BJournal%5D)">MOF-on-MOF hybrids: Synthesis and applications.</a> Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 432, 213743(2021).</li>
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<li>Lee, S., Oh, S., Oh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Atypical+hybrid+metal-organic+frameworks+%28MOFs%29%3A+A+combinative+process+for+MOF-on-MOF+growth%2C+etching%2C+and+structure+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition%22%5BJournal%5D)">Atypical hybrid metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): A combinative process for MOF-on-MOF growth, etching, and structure transformation.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (3), 1327-1333 (2020).</li>
<li>Li, T., Sullivan, J. E., Rosi, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Design+and+preparation+of+a+core-shell+metal-organic+framework+for+selective+CO2+capture%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society%22%5BJournal%5D)">Design and preparation of a core-shell metal-organic framework for selective CO2 capture.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (27), 9984-9987 (2013).</li>
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<li>Boone, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Designing+optimal+core-shell+MOFs+for+direct+air+capture%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nanoscale%22%5BJournal%5D)">Designing optimal core-shell MOFs for direct air capture.</a> Nanoscale. 14 (43), 16085-16096 (2022).</li>
<li>Yang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((One-step+synthesis+of+hybrid+core-shell+metal-organic+frameworks%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Angewandte+Chemie+Edition%22%5BJournal%5D)">One-step synthesis of hybrid core-shell metal-organic frameworks.</a> Angewandte Chemie Edition. 57 (15), 3927-3932 (2018).</li>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

In this protocol, cubic- and octahedral-shaped HKUST-1 crystals were synthesized, referring to a previously reported method14. For the synthesis of HKUST-1, H3BTC solution was added while heating and stirring the solution of Cu(NO3)2&#183;2.5H2O to prevent the precipitation of H3BTC as the temperature decreased. Subsequently, acetic acid was added immediately to prevent fast nucleation and ensure the growth of a large single crystal. As soon a...

MOF-on-MOF is a type of hybrid material comprising two or more different metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)1,2,3. Owing to the various possible combinations of constituents and structures, MOF-on-MOFs provide varied novel composites with remarkable properties, which have not been achieved in single MOFs, offering great potential in many applications4,5,6. Among the various types of MOF-on-MOFs, a core-shell structure in which one MOF surrounds another has the advantage of optimizing the characteristics of both MOFs by designing a more elaborated system5,6,7,8,9,10. Although many examples of core-shell MOFs have been reported, single-crystalline core-shell MOFs are uncommon and have been successfully synthesized mostly from isostructural pairs11,12,13. Moreover, single crystalline core-shell MOFs constructed using non-isostructural MOF pairs have seldom been reported, owing to the difficulty in selecting a pair that exhibit a well-matched crystal lattice3. To achieve seamless interfaces of the single-crystalline core-shell MOFs, a well-matched crystal lattice and chemical connection points between the two MOFs are critical. Here, the chemical connection point is defined as the spatial location where the linker/metal node of one MOF meets the metal node/linker of the second MOF through a coordination bond. In our previous reports14, the computational algorithm was used to screen for optimal targets for synthesis, and six suggested MOF pairs were successfully synthesized.
This paper demonstrates a protocol for synthesizing a single-crystalline core-shell MOF of an HKUST-1 and MOF-5 pair, which are iconic MOFs composed of totally different constituents and topologies. HKUST-1 was chosen as the core because it is more stable than MOF-5 under solvothermal reaction conditions15,16. Furthermore, because the chemical connection points between MOF-5 and HKUST-1 are well-matched in both the (001) and (111) planes, cubic and octahedral HKUST-1 crystals in which each plane is exposed were used as the core MOF. This protocol suggests the possibility of synthesizing more diverse core-shell MOFs with lattice-matching.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>DAEJUNG</td><td>1002-4400</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1 (protocol steps 1.4, and 2.4)</td></tr><tr><td>Copper(II) nitrate hemipentahydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>223395-100G</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1 (protocol steps 1.1, and 2.1)</td></tr><tr><td>D2 PHASER</td><td>Bruker AXS</td><td>DOC-B88-EXS017-V3</td><td>Powder X-ray diffraction&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Digital stirring hot plate</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SP131320-33Q</td><td>Hotplate for heating and stirring (protocol steps 1.2, and 2.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Direct-Q3UV water purification system</td><td>MILLIPORE</td><td>ZRQSVP030</td><td>Deionized water (protocol steps 1.1, and 2.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol anhydrous, 99.9%</td><td>DAEJUNG</td><td>4023-4100</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1 (protocol steps 1.2, and 2.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Forced convection oven (OF-02P/PW)</td><td>JEIO TECH</td><td>EDA8136</td><td>Oven for heating reaction (protocol steps 1.5, 2.5, and 3.4)</td></tr><tr><td>N,N-diethylformamide</td><td>TCI</td><td>D0506</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1@MOF-5 (protocol step 3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>N,N&#039;-Dimethylformamide</td><td>DAEJUNG</td><td>6057-4400</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1 (protocol steps 1.1, and 2.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscopes</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ745T</td><td>Optical Microscope&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Terephthalic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>185361-500G</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1@MOF-5 (protocol step 3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Trimesic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>482749-100G</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1 (protocol steps 1.2, and 2.2)</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic cleaner</td><td>BRANSONIC</td><td>CPX-952-338R</td><td>Sonicator with bath for dissolving solution (protocol step 3.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Zinc nitrate hexahydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>228737-100G</td><td>Synthesis of HKUST-1@MOF-5 (protocol step 3.1)</td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of single-crystalline core-shell metal-organic frameworks

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Because of their designability and unprecedented synergistic effects, core-shell metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been actively examined recently. However, the synthesis of single-crystalline core-shell MOFs is very challenging, and thus a limited number of examples have been reported. Here, we suggest a method of synthesizing single-crystalline HKUST-1@MOF-5 core-shells, which is HKUST-1 at the center of MOF-5. Through the computational algorithm, this pair of MOFs was predicted to have the matched lattice parameters and chemical connection points at the interface. To construct the core-shell structure, we prepared the octahedral- and cubic-shaped HKUST-1 crystals as a core MOF, in which the (111) and (001) facets were mainly exposed, respectively. Via the sequential reaction, the MOF-5 shell was well-grown on the exposed surface, showing a seamless connect interface, which resulted in the successful synthesis of single-crystalline HKUST-1@MOF-5. Their pure phase formation was proved by optical microscopic images and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns. This method presents the potential of and insights into the single-crystalline core-shell synthesis with different kinds of MOFs.

According to the two calculated structures of the HKUST-1@MOF-5 core-shell system14, in both the (001) and (111) planes, the Cu sites from the metal nodes of HKUST-1 and the oxygen sites from the carboxylates of MOF-5 are well-matched as the chemical connection points at the interface between the two MOFs (Figure 1). Therefore, cubic and octahedral crystals of HKUST-1, in which the (001) and (111) planes are exposed, respectively, were synthesized as the core MOFs for...

Here, we demonstrate a protocol for the two-step synthesis of single-crystalline core-shells using a non-isostructural metal-organic framework (MOF) pair, HKUST-1 and MOF-5, which have well-matched crystal lattices.

Because of their designability and unprecedented synergistic effects, core-shell metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been actively examined recently. ...

synthesis-of-single-crystalline-core-shell-metal-organic-frameworks

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Learn a two-step solvothermal protocol to synthesize single-crystalline core-shell MOFs using HKUST-1 and MOF-5. This method enables seamless interfaces for gas separation and catalysis applications.

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

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