Name: Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2023-02-03T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 6 s
Description: Learn to develop a Gallium-68 labeled D-peptide PET tracer for imaging PDL-1 expression in cancer. This noninvasive method enables real-time visualization to improve patient selection for immune checkpoint therapies.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This study was supported by the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (no. 2022-RC350-04) and the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (nos. 2021-I2M-1-026, 2022-I2M-1-026-1, 02120101, 02130101, and 2022-I2M-2-002).

The animal experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing Medical University or the National Institutes of Quantum Science and Technology. Mice experiments were strictly performed in compliance with the institutional guidelines of the Committee for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Peptide synthesis
<ol>
	<li>Swell 100 mg of 4-methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resin (loading capacity of 0.37 mmol/g) in 1 mL of&#160;N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for 30 min under mild N2 bubbling.</li>
	<li>Prepare a fresh stock buffer consisting of Fmoc-protected amino acids (5.0 equiv), HCTU (4.9 equiv), and DIPEA (10.0 equiv) in 1 mL of NMP, and add to the resin (100 mg). Allow the coupling reaction to proceed for 1.5-2 h.</li>
	<li>Prepare deprotection buffer consisting of 50% (vol/vol) morpholine in NMP. Wash the resin (100 mg) 2 x 30 min with 1 mL of the deprotection buffer in each wash to remove the Fmoc group on the amine group. Wash the resin with dichloromethane (DCM; 1 mL) for 1 min, remove the DCM, and rewash the resin with NMP (1 mL) for another 1 min. Next, remove the NMP and rewash the resin with DCM for 1 min. 
	NOTE: All the washing procedures are conducted under mild N2 bubbling. The above procedures are repeated until the last amino acid.</li>
	<li>For adding 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) to the peptide, pre-activate the DOTA with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC&#183;HCl) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Incubate the stock buffer of DOTA/EDC&#183;HCl/NHS at a molar ratio of 1:1:1 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 h, with a final DOTA concentration of 1 M. Next, add the stock buffer (1 mL) to the resin (100 mg), and allow the reaction to proceed for 2 h with gentle N2 bubbling. 
	NOTE: 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA) can also be utilized as a chelator for 68Ga complexation. The same procedures can be used for NOTA coupling.</li>
	<li>Rinse the resin thoroughly from the top using DCM and apply a vacuum to remove residual reaction solution simultaneously. Rinse the resin 3x using DCM (1.5 mL), and then rinse with MeOH (1.5 mL) to shrink the resin. Put the resin under nitrogen overnight, or under high vacuum for at least 4 h, until the resin becomes dry.</li>
	<li>Place the dried DPA peptide-containing resin in a 2 mL polypropylene container with a screw cap. Add the appropriate cleavage cocktail (95/2.5/2.5 TFA/TIS/H2O in volume; 1 mL/100 mg resin) and seal the container tightly using a screw cap. Gently agitate the reaction on an orbital shaker in a fume hood at 20-25 &#176;C for 2 h. 
	CAUTION: Prepare trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a fume hood wearing protective clothing, due to its highly corrosive nature.</li>
	<li>Remove most of the TFA by evaporation under nitrogen in the fume hood. Precipitate the peptides by adding diethyl ether (~1.5 mL/100 mg of resin).</li>
	<li>Vortex the mixture to triturate the peptides and centrifuge at room temperature (10,000 &#215; g, 5 min). Carefully pour the solvent out of the container. Repeat steps 1.7-1.8.</li>
	<li>Air-dry the residue in the open container for 10 min. Add 50% (vol/vol) aqueous acetonitrile, and vortex for 1-2 s to dissolve the products (1 mL/100 mg of resin).</li>
	<li>Remove the resin by filtering the mixture, and then wash the resin 2x using 0.2 mL of 50% (vol/vol) aqueous acetonitrile. Mix the filtrates for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. Use the following HPLC conditions. Column: YMC-Triat-C18 (4.6 mm internal diameter [i.d.], 150 mm, 5 mm); solvent gradient: solvent A-deionized water; solvent B-acetonitrile (0.1% TFA); flow time: 20 min, with acetonitrile from 10% to 90%; flow rate: 1 mL/min.</li>
	<li>Freeze the collected HPLC eluents overnight at -80 &#176;C and lyophilize (-50 &#176;C and &#60;1 pa). For radiolabeling, dissolve the solid peptide in sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 5.0) at a final concentration of 1 mg/mL as a stock buffer.</li>
</ol>
2. 68Ga radiolabeling
NOTE 68Ga was generated in-house at Nanjing First Hospital (Nanjing, China) using a 68Ge/68Ga generator.
<ol>
	<li>Pipette 5 &#181;L of stock buffer into a 1.5 mL polypropylene container with a screw cap. Add 200 MBq [68Ga]GaCl3 (400 &#181;L) to the container.</li>
	<li>Vortex the mixture for 5 s. Measure the pH using pH test strips. Adjust the pH to 4-4.5 with NaOH (0.1 M). 
	NOTE: An appropriate pH is critical for complexation between 68Ga and DOTA.</li>
	<li>Incubate the solution at room temperature for 5-10 min. Subject the reaction mixture to radio-HPLC for radiolabeling yield analysis under the following conditions: column: YMC-Triat-C18 (4.6 mm i.d., 150 mm, 5 mm); solvent gradient: solvent A-deionized water; solvent B-acetonitrile (0.1% TFA); flow time: 20 min, with acetonitrile from 10% to 90%; flow rate: 1 mL/min. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Radio thin-layer chromatography (TLC) can be used as an alternative approach to examine radiolabeling yield. The suggested TLC elution buffer is 0.1 M Na3C6H5O7, pH 4.</li>
</ol>
3. Tracer stability test
<ol>
	<li>Tracer stability test in PBS
	<ol>
		<li>Add [68Ga]DPA (10 &#181;L, 3.7 MBq, in NaOAc) to the PBS (990 &#181;L). Incubate at 37 &#176;C for 1, 2, and 4 h with slight agitation.</li>
		<li>Collect 200 &#181;L of the solution at each time point. Inject it into the radio-HPLC for analysis.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Tracer stability in mouse serum
	<ol>
		<li>Add [68Ga]DPA (10 &#181;L, ~3.7 MBq, in NaOAc) to the mouse serum (90 &#181;L, freshly prepared). Incubate at 37 &#176;C for 1, 2, and 4 h with slight agitation.</li>
		<li>Collect 20 &#181;L of the solution at each time point. Add MeCN and water (100 &#181;L, 1:1, v/v).</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the mixture for 10 min (5,000 &#215; g, 25 &#176;C). Analyze the supernatant using radio-HPLC.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Analysis of PD-L1 expression by flow cytometry
<ol>
	<li>Prepare culture medium by supplementing RPMI-1640 medium with 10% (vol/vol) fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (vol/vol). Resuspend the U87MG cells in culture medium, and seed in 12-well plates at a density of 105 cells/well. Place the cells in an incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C), and culture for at least 24 h without disturbing.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells with 0.5 mL of PBS and add 250 &#956;L of trypsin-EDTA (0.25%). Place the cells back in the incubator (5% CO2, 37 &#176;C) for 2 min.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of culture medium to stop the cell dissociation. Add medium to the cells to detach them from the dishes by pipetting up and down and collect them in 1.5 mL tubes. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min (100 &#215; g).</li>
	<li>Remove the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of PBS. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min (100 &#215; g). Repeat this step one more time.</li>
	<li>Dilute the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated PD-L1 antibody with 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) to 20 nmol/L. Add to the cells and incubate at 4 &#176;C for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cells for 5 min (100 &#215; g), followed by washing with cold PBS twice. Analyze the PD-L1-positive cells using a flow cytometer and analysis software.</li>
</ol>
5. Immunocytochemistry
<ol>
	<li>Seed the U87MG cells in glass bottom cell culture dishes (35 mm) at a density of 2.5 &#215; 105 cells per well. When 60% confluency is reached, aspirate the culture medium and add 1 mL of PBS. Gently shake several times and aspirate. Perform the washing step 3x.</li>
	<li>Add 500 &#181;L of 4% paraformaldehyde to the dishes. Place the cells at room temperature and fix for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells 3x with PBS. Add 1 mL of 3% BSA (wt/vol, in PBS) and block the fixed cells for 2 h at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Remove the 3% BSA and directly incubate the cells with primary anti-PD-L1 antibody (mAb,1:100, diluted in 3% BSA) overnight at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: After blocking the cells with BSA, do not wash with PBS.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells 3x with 3% BSA buffer. Incubate the cells with FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG Fc secondary antibody (1:500, diluted in PBS) for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells 3x with PBS. Add 0.5 mL of DAPI (1 &#181;g/mL) to the cells and incubate at room temperature for 1 h. Wash the stained cells 3x with PBS, and observe using confocal fluorescence microscope.</li>
</ol>
6. Cellular uptake and inhibition experiment
<ol>
	<li>Cellular uptake experiment
	<ol>
		<li>Culture the U87MG cells in 12-well plates until 80% confluency is reached. Remove the medium and wash the cells with 0.5 mL of PBS.</li>
		<li>Dilute the [68Ga]DPA in fresh medium to a concentration of 74 KBq/mL. Add 0.5 mL of the diluted [68Ga]DPA buffer to each well.</li>
		<li>Incubate the cells with [68Ga]DPA at 37 &#176;C for different durations (10, 30, 40, and 120 min). Aspirate the medium using a pipette. Wash the cells with PBS (0.5 mL) three times.</li>
		<li>Add NaOH solution (0.5 M, 300 &#181;L per well) to lyse the cells. After 30 s, collect the viscous cell lysates in 1.5 mL tubes.</li>
		<li>Wash the plate with 0.4 mL of PBS twice. Collect the washing solution in the above 1.5 mL tube.</li>
		<li>Start the built-in computer of the automatic gamma counter; put the tubes into the built-in shelf. After loading all the samples onto the conveyor, press the START button. Results are calculated in the internal software. The read-out records the decay-correlated counts per minute (CPM) of each tube.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Competitive binding assay
	<ol>
		<li>Culture the U87MG cells in 12-well plates until 80% confluency is reached. Remove the medium and wash the cells with 0.5 mL of PBS.</li>
		<li>Dilute [68Ga]DPA in fresh medium to a concentration of 74 KBq/mL. Dissolve an appropriate amount of BMS202 compounds in 10% DMSO to yield a 10 mM concentration (400 &#181;L).</li>
		<li>Dilute 4 &#181;L of 10 mM BMS202 in 396 &#181;L of PBS to obtain a concentration of 100 &#181;M. Repeat this step to yield various concentrations of BMS202 (1 &#181;M, 10 nM, 100 pM, and 1 pM).</li>
		<li>Add 0.5 mL of the diluted [68Ga]DPA buffer to each well (0.37 MBq per well). Add 5 &#181;L of the BMS202 solutions to each well (three wells for each concentration). Incubate the cells in a cell incubator at 37 &#176;C for 120 min.</li>
		<li>Aspirate the medium using a pipette. Wash the cells with 3 x 0.5 mL of PBS.</li>
		<li>Add the NaOH solution (0.5 M, 300 &#181;L per well) to lyse the cells. After 30 s, collect the viscous cell lysates into 1.5 mL tubes. Wash the plate with 2 x 0.4 mL of PBS.</li>
		<li>Collect the washing solution in the above 1.5 mL tube. Put the tubes into the built-in shelf of the automatic gamma counter.</li>
		<li>Follow the same procedures as step 6.1.6.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
7. PET imaging
NOTE: Perform small animal PET imaging, using a micro PET scanner that provides 159 transverse axial sections spaced 0.796 mm apart (center-to-center), with a horizontal field of view of 10 cm and an axial field of view of 12.7 cm. All data collected in the list mode are organized into three-dimensional sinograms. The Fourier is then reassembled into two-dimensional sinograms (frame &#215; min: 4 &#215; 1, 8 &#215; 2, 8 &#215; 5).
<ol>
	<li>Use male, 5-8-week-old BALB/C nude mice in this study. Collect the U87MG cells following steps 4.1-4.4 and aspirate the cells into a 0.5 mL syringe. Subcutaneously inject the cells into the mice (1 &#215; 106 cells per tumor, two tumors per mouse). Monitor tumor growth after injection until the tumor volume is 100-300 mm3.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize the mice using 1%-2% (v/v) isoflurane (1 mL/min). Turn on the heating device and keep the animal bed of PET at 37 &#176;C.&#160;</li>
	<li>Put the anesthetized mice in the right position on the animal bed of the PET machine. Apply&#160;ophthalmic ointment to both&#160;eyes to prevent dryness. 
	CAUTION: Keep the mice in the prone position to avoid death during scanning. During the whole imaging process, administer isoflurane flow (1.0 mL/min) via the nose using a preinstalled tube.</li>
	<li>Adjust the animal bed position via the control panel. Inject the tracers (10-17 MBq/100-200 &#181;L) intravenously through a preinstalled tail vein catheter.</li>
	<li>Create a scanning workflow in a host computer using the referenced software (see Table of Materials) Create a study folder and set the acquisition protocol as per the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. Perform dynamic scans (60 min for each mouse) on all mice in 3D list mode.</li>
	<li>Define a histogram protocol and a reconstruction protocol following the manufacturer&#39; protocol. Use Hanning&#39;s filter with a Nyquist cutoff of 0.5 cycle/pixel to reconstruct PET dynamic images (25-30 min and 55-60 min) through filtered back-projection. Generate maximum intensity projection (MIP) images for all mice.</li>
	<li>Combine the protocols in a workflow and run the workflow. Analyze the resulting three-dimensional images using the software, following the manufacturer&#39;s protocol. 
	NOTE: Use the simulation software to select the volumes of interest. Radioactivity is decay-corrected to the injection time and presented as the percentage of the total injection dose/per gram tissue (% ID/g).</li>
</ol>
8. Ex vivo biodistribution
<ol>
	<li>Administer [68Ga]DPA (1.85 MBq/100 &#181;L) to the U87MG-bearing BALB/C nude mice through tail vein injection. Anesthetize the mice using 1%-2% (v/v) isoflurane (1 mL/min), then sacrifice&#160;three mice via cervical dislocation after injection for 5, 30, 60, and 120 min. 
	NOTE:&#160;The individuals demonstrating this procedure should be trained in the technical skills of cervical dislocation to ensure the loss of consciousness is rapidly induced. This will ensure that&#160;the euthanasia procedures in this experiment are all humanely performed.</li>
	<li>After death is confirmed, open the chest wall of the mice. Then, open the heart. Use a 1 mL syringe to draw blood; squeeze the blood from the syringe into a radioimmunoassay (RIA) tube (13 mm in diameter) for the gamma counter.</li>
	<li>Excise the major organs and tumors and place them in RIA tubes (13 mm in diameter) for the gamma counter. Major organs include the total blood, heart, thymus, liver, spleen, bone, stomach, kidneys, muscle, intestinal lymph node, small intestine, pancreas, testis, brain, and lungs. Weigh all the organs.</li>
	<li>Measure the radioactivity within the collected organs using an autogamma counter and decay-correct the values. Calculate the percentage of injected dose per gram of wet tissue (% ID/g).</li>
</ol>
9. Immunohistochemistry
<ol>
	<li>Collect the glioma tissues and wash them 3x with PBS. Put the fresh tissues in 4% paraformaldehyde and fix overnight at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Embed the fixed tissues in paraffin and section them to a thickness of 10 &#181;m. Place the sections in an incubator (60 &#176;C) and incubate for 2 h. Dewax and hydrate the sections by incubating for 10 min each in the following: xylene (twice), absolute alcohol, 95% alcohol, 90% alcohol, 80% alcohol, 75% alcohol.</li>
	<li>Put the sections in 0.01 M sodium citrate and heat them to 92-95 &#176;C. Maintain the temperature for 40 min to achieve antigen retrieval.</li>
	<li>Add 200 &#181;L of H2O2 solution (3%) to the sections and inactivate the endoperoxidases for 10 min at room temperature. Block the non-specific sites by treatment with 3% BSA for 2 h at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Incubate the sections in primary anti-PD-L1 antibody (mAb, 1:100, diluted in 3% BSA) overnight at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: After blocking with BSA, do not wash with PBS.</li>
	<li>Wash the sections 3x with PBS. Incubate the sections with HRP-labeled goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:500, diluted in PBS) at room temperature for 1 h.</li>
	<li>Wash the cells 3x with PBS. Add 200 &#181;L of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) working solution (solution A: solution B: solution C = 1:1:18) to the sections and incubate for 5 min in the dark.</li>
	<li>Wash the sections 3x with PBS. Add 500 &#181;L of hematoxylin solution (100%), and incubate for 5 min at room temperature. Wash the sections with water for 30 s. Put the sections into differentiation solution (75% alcohol:HCL = 99:1) for 30 s. Wash the sections using water for 1 min.</li>
	<li>Dehydrate the samples by sequentially incubating with 75% alcohol, 80% alcohol, 90% alcohol, 95% alcohol, absolute alcohol, and xylene (twice) (10 min each). Mount all the sections using neutral resin and observe them under an optical microscope.</li>
</ol>

No competing interests are declared.

The critical steps described in this method include the efficient labeling of 68Ga to DPA and choosing a suitable time window for PET imaging, which must perfectly match the pharmacodynamic pattern of DPA in the tumor.
In contrast to IHC, PET imaging enables real-time detection of whole-body PD-L1 expression in a noninvasive manner, allowing the visualization of each positive area in a heterogeneous tumor6,7. Peptides were c...

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins was a breakthrough in tumor therapy, and has led to major advances in the development of immune checkpoint blockade therapy1. Programmed cell death-protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are potential drug targets with several antibodies approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). PD-1 is expressed by tumor-infiltrating immune cells, such as CD4+, CD8+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. PD-L1 is one of the PD-1 ligands, which is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells2,3. The interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 inactivates PD-1, thus suppressing the antitumor immune response4. These findings suggest that the inhibition of PD-L1 can improve the killing effect of immune cells and eliminate tumor cells5. Currently, chromogenic immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most commonly used approach to identify patients who are most likely to respond to immune checkpoint therapy6,7. However, due to the heterogeneous expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells, IHC results from biopsies cannot provide accurate information about PD-L1 expression in patients8. Previous studies have reported that only 20%-40% of patients gain long-term benefits from immune checkpoint blockade therapy1,9,10. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop a new method to circumvent the false-negative results caused by the heterogeneous expression of these immune checkpoint proteins.
Molecular imaging technology, such as positron emission tomography (PET), enables real-time visualization of the whole body in a noninvasive way, and thus can outperform the conventional IHC method11,12,13. Radiolabeled antibodies, peptides, and small molecules are promising tracers for monitoring PD-L1 expression in cancer patients14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. The FDA has approved three PD-L1 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: avelumab, atezolizumab, and durvalumab26. Immuno-PET tracers based on these antibodies have been well documented27,28,29,30,31,32. Early-phase clinical trials have revealed limited value for clinical application, because of the unfavorable pharmacokinetics30. Compared with antibodies, peptides exhibit faster blood and organ clearance from healthy organs, and can be easily chemically modified33. Multiple peptides with high affinities for PD-1/PD-L1 have been reported2; WL12 is a reported peptide that shows specific binding to PD-L134. Radiolabeled tracers, [64Cu]WL12, [68Ga]WL12, and [18F]FPyWL12, have been reported to show high in vivo specific tumor-targeting ability, which allows for the harvest of high-quality images of PD-L1 expression in tumors26,35,36,37. Moreover, the first in-human evaluation of radiolabeled WL12 has demonstrated that [68Ga]WL12 (chelated by NOTA) has a safe and efficient potential for clinical tumor imaging38. Due to its high hydrophobicity and high uptake in the healthy liver, WL12 has limited clinical use. Other radiolabeling peptides, such as TPP1 and SETSKSF, which specifically bind to PD-L1, have also showed potential stability and specificity to visualize whole-body PD-L1 expression39,40. However, unmodified peptides are easily degraded by proteases, and are rapidly metabolized by the kidney. Dextrorotary(D)-peptides have been widely used as effective mediators, due to the poor stability of left-handed (L)-peptides41,42,43. D-peptides are hyper-resistant to proteolytic degradation and have remarkably prolonged metabolic half-lives. Compared with their L-counterparts, D-peptides mostly show specific binding abilities44,45,46.
This study designed a new method to detect PD-L1 expression, based on PET imaging of a 68Ga-labeled PD-L1-targeted D-peptide, D-dodecapeptide antagonist (DPA), in a tumor-bearing mouse model47. The stability of [68Ga]DPA was first studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and mouse serum, after which the binding affinity of [68Ga]DPA in PD-L1-overexpressing tumors was tested. Thereafter, PET imaging was performed in glioblastoma xenograft models to confirm whether [68Ga]DPA was an ideal PET tracer to monitor PD-L1 expression in tumors. The combination of PET imaging and DPA not only provides a new approach to overcome challenges associated with the heterogeneous expression of PD-L1, but also lays the basis for the development of D-peptide-based radiotracers.

<table><tbody><tr><td>1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)</td><td>Merck</td><td>60239-18-1</td><td>&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga&amp;nbsp; chelation</td></tr><tr><td>3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) Kit</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D7304-1SET</td><td>Immunohistochemistry</td></tr><tr><td>anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody</td><td>Wuhan Proteintech</td><td>17952-1-ap</td><td>Immunohistochemistry: primary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>BMS202</td><td>Selleck</td><td>1675203-84-5</td><td>Competitive binding assay: inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>BSA</td><td>Merck</td><td>V900933</td><td>Immunofluorescent : blocking&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Merck</td><td>D9542</td><td>Immunofluorescent: staining of nucleus</td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane (DCM)</td><td>Merck</td><td>34856</td><td>Solvent</td></tr><tr><td>DIPEA</td><td>Merck</td><td>3439</td><td>Peptide coupling</td></tr><tr><td>EDC&amp;middot;HCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>E6383</td><td>Activation of DOTA</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10099</td><td>Cell culture: supplement</td></tr><tr><td>FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG Fc Antibody</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>409310</td><td>Immunofluorescent: secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>FITC-conjugated anti PD-L1 antibody</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>393606</td><td>Flow cytometry: direct antibody</td></tr><tr><td>HCTU</td><td>Energy Chemical</td><td>E070004-25g</td><td>Peptide coupling</td></tr><tr><td>HRP labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody</td><td>Servicebio</td><td>GB23303</td><td>Immunohistochemistry: secondary antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)</td><td>Merck</td><td>130672</td><td>Activation of DOTA</td></tr><tr><td>MeCN</td><td>Merck</td><td>PHR1551</td><td>Solvent</td></tr><tr><td>Morpholine</td><td>Merck</td><td>8.06127</td><td>Fmoc- deprotection</td></tr><tr><td>NMP</td><td>Merck</td><td>8.06072</td><td>Solevent</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Merck</td><td>30525-89-4</td><td>Fixation of tissues</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10010023</td><td>Cell culture: buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>10378016</td><td>Cell culture: supplement</td></tr><tr><td>RIA tube</td><td>PolyLab</td><td>P10301A</td><td>As tissue sample container</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI-1640 medium</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11875093</td><td>Cell culture: basic medium</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06264</td><td>Salt for buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200056</td><td>Cell culture: dissociation agent</td></tr><tr><td>U87MG cell line</td><td>Procell Life Science &amp;amp; Technology Co</td><td>CL-0238</td><td>Cell model</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ge/&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga generator</td><td>Isotope Technologies Munich, ITM</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>Generation of [&lt;sup&gt;68&lt;/sup&gt;Ga]</td></tr><tr><td>Autogamma counter</td><td>Perkin Elmer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Wizard2</td><td>Detection of radioactivity</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal fluorescent microscopy</td><td>Keyence</td><td></td><td>Observation of immunofluorescent results</td></tr><tr><td>Flow cytometer</td><td>Becton Dickinson, BD</td><td>LSRII</td><td>Monitoring the PD-L1 positive cells</td></tr><tr><td>High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)</td><td>SHIMAZU</td><td>LC-20AT&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Purification of DPA peptide</td></tr><tr><td>PET scanner</td><td>Siemens Medical Solutions</td><td>Inveon MultiModality System</td><td>PET imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Optical microscopy</td><td>Nikon&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eclipse E100</td><td>Observation of immunohistochemistry results</td></tr><tr><td>Solid phase peptide synthesizer</td><td>Promega Vac-Man Laboratory Vacuum Manifold</td><td>LOT#11101</td><td>Synthesis of DPA-DOTA peptide</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASIPro</td><td>Siemens Medical Solutions</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>Analysis of PET-CT results</td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo</td><td>Becton Dickinson, BD</td><td>FlowJo 7.6.1</td><td>Analysis of the flow cytometer results</td></tr><tr><td>Inveon Acquisition Workplace (IAW)</td><td>Siemens Medical Solutions</td><td>Not applicable</td><td>Management of PET mechine</td></tr><tr><td>Prism</td><td>Graphpad</td><td>Prism 8.0</td><td>Analysis of the data&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

development of a 68gallium-labeled d-peptide pet tracer for imaging programmed death-ligand 1 expression

Development of a 68Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

The development of immune checkpoint blockade therapy based on programmed cell death-protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has revolutionized cancer therapies in recent years. However, only a fraction of patients responds to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, owing to the heterogeneous expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells. This heterogeneity presents a challenge in the precise detection of tumor cells by the commonly used immunohistochemistry (IHC) approach. This situation calls for better methods to stratify patients who will benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy, to improve treatment efficacy. Positron emission tomography (PET) enables real-time visualization of the whole-body PD-L1 expression in a noninvasive way. Therefore, there is a need for the development of radiolabeled tracers to detect PD-L1 distribution in tumors through PET imaging.
Compared to their L-counterparts, dextrorotary (D)-peptides have properties such as proteolytic resistance and remarkably prolonged metabolic half-lives. This study designed a new method to detect PD-L1 expression based on PET imaging of 68Ga-labeled PD-L1-targeted D-peptide, a D-dodecapeptide antagonist (DPA), in tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that the [68Ga]DPA can specifically bind to PD-L1-overexpressing tumors in vivo, and showed favorable stability as well as excellent imaging ability, suggesting that [68Ga]DPA-PET is a promising approach for the assessment of PD-L1 status in tumors.

[68Ga]DPA radiolabeling and stability 
The model peptide, DPA, is an effective PD-L1 antagonist. DOTA-DPA was obtained with &gt;95% purity and a yield of 68%. The mass of DOTA-DPA is experimentally observed at 1,073.3 ([M+2H]2+). 68Gallium is considered a suitable radionuclide to label peptides for PET imaging, and therefore was chosen for this study. To radiolabel DPA with 68Ga (half-life: 68 min), DOTA-PEG3-DPA was synthes...

This study developed a noninvasive and real-time method to evaluate the distribution of programmed death-ligand 1 in the whole body, based on positron emission tomographic imaging of [68Ga] D-dodecapeptide antagonist. This technique has advantages over conventional immunohistochemistry and improves the efficiency of identifying appropriate patients who will benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

The development of immune checkpoint blockade therapy based on programmed cell death-protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has revolutionized ...

development-68gallium-labeled-d-peptide-pet-tracer-for-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

A facile, one-pot synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) was developed based on a non-aqueous, three-step radiochemical process. Using microwave heating, the entire procedure can be completed in less than 30 min, or 60 min with further purification by preparative HPLC. The decay-corrected radiochemical yields (RCYs) were 35-5% (n &gt; 30).

Microwave-assisted One-pot Synthesis of N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB)

This video demonstrates a technique involving a radioimmunoconjugate for the in vivo imaging of a tumor in a mouse model. Upon injection of the radioimmunoconjugate, the antibodies of the conjugate bind to a specific membrane antigen on the cancer cells. The radiotracer of the conjugate emits positrons that interact with neighboring electrons to produce energy, which is detected by a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to create an image of the tumor.

An In Vivo PET Imaging Technique to Detect Tumors in a Murine Model Using Radiolabeled Antibodies

The bioorthogonal inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition has been harnessed to create an effective and modular pretargeted PET imaging strategy for cancer. In this protocol, the steps of this methodology are described in the context of a model system employing the colorectal cancer targeted antibody huA33 and a 64Cu-labeled radioligand.

Harnessing the Bioorthogonal Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Cycloaddition for Pretargeted PET Imaging

A procedure for the isolation of EOB-DTPA and subsequent complexation with natural Ga(III) and 68Ga is presented herein, as well as a thorough analysis of all compounds and investigations on labeling efficiency, in vitro stability and the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient of the radiolabeled complex.

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

Following the preparation of a 64Cu-modified monoclonal antibody binding to a transgenic murine T cell receptor, T cells are radiolabeled in vivo, analyzed for viability, functionality, labeling stability and apoptosis, and adoptively transferred into mice with an airway delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction for non-invasive imaging by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT).

Murine Lymphocyte Labeling by 64Cu-Antibody Receptor Targeting for In Vivo Cell Trafficking by PET/CT

The αvβ3 integrin is a type of adhesion protein that is highly expressed on activated endothelial cells undergoing angiogenesis. Thus, evaluating the integrity of the integrin is of great interest in oncology. Here, we introduce a method to prepare 68Ga-labeled radiopeptides and a method to assess its biological effectiveness.

Preparing a 68Ga-labeled Arginine Glycine Aspartate (RGD)-peptide for Angiogenesis

Here, we present a protocol to obtain 68Ga core-doped iron oxide nanoparticles via fast microwave-driven synthesis. The methodology renders PET/(T1)MRI nanoparticles with radiolabeling efficiencies higher than 90% and radiochemical purity of 99% in a 20-min synthesis.

Synthesis of 68Ga Core-doped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Dual Positron Emission Tomography /(T1)Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors overexpress somatostatin receptors which can be utilized for diagnostic imaging with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog 68Ga-DOTATATE. This protocol details the radiolabeling of 68Ga-DOTATATE, quality control, patient preparation, and subsequent PET/CT imaging. Radiation safety and time constrictions due to the short half-life of 68Ga are taken into account.

A Practical Guide for the Production and PET/CT Imaging of 68Ga-DOTATATE for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Daily Clinical Practice

This work describes the automated production of up to 1.7 GBq of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 on the iPHASE MultiSyn synthesizer for PET imaging of fibroblast activation protein.

An Automated Radiosynthesis of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 for Routine Clinical Use

This paper describes the radiosynthesis, formulation, quality control of a new radiolabeled probe (i.e., 68Ga-labeled nanobody NM-02), and its use for small animal PET/CT imaging in a xenograft model.

Radiosynthesis, Quality Control, and Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of 68Ga-Labelled Nano Molecules

This research describes the automated process for [68Ga]Ga-3BP-3940 production with the GAIA V2 synthesizer, for PET imaging of fibroblast activation protein. The results of quality control tests performed on three test batches are also presented.

Automated Preparation of [68Ga]Ga-3BP-3940 on a Synthesis Module for PET Imaging of the Tumor Microenvironment

Learn to develop a Gallium-68 labeled D-peptide PET tracer for imaging PDL-1 expression in cancer. This noninvasive method enables real-time visualization to improve patient selection for immune checkpoint therapies.

Development of a ⁶⁸Gallium-Labeled D-Peptide PET Tracer for Imaging Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Expression

Explore More Videos