Name: An Efficient and Reproducible Method for Producing Composite Plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Based Hairy Root Transformation (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2023-06-30T14:20:00.000+00:00
Duration: 4 min 9 s
Description: Learn an efficient one-step hairy root transformation method using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce composite plants. This technique advances plant gene function studies and metabolic engineering research.

ai_agent_IP

ai_agent

maintenance

instantTrialDurationMinutes

isBiopharma

enableNewMyJoveSectionDesign

educationFeatures

seoMetaApi

ai_copilot_institution_blacklist

ai_chat_institution_blacklist

freeAccessWindow

ssoRoleCapture

scheduledMaintenanceBanner

joveLabsFeatures

disable_autoplay_for_bots

extended_trial_duration

5 minutes

This work was supported by the Research Fund of Liaocheng University (318012028) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020MC034).

1. Plant growth conditions and A. rhizogenes culture
<ol>
	<li>Seed sowing 
	NOTE: Wild soybean seeds were collected in Yanggu County, Liaocheng, China; seeds of S. americanum and pumpkin local variety Yinsu were purchased from a market.
	<ol>
		<li>Collect seeds of wild soybean, S. americanum, and the local variety of pumpkin, sow them in vermiculite at a depth of 1 cm, and thoroughly water them. Plant 20 seeds in 8 cm x 11 cm x 9 cm plastic boxes. Cultivate the plants in a growth chamber at 24 &#177; 2 &#176;C with a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle at approximately 70% relative humidity. 
		NOTE: Coats of wild soybean seeds must be broken before sowing. If the research question focuses on interactions between plants and microorganisms, seeds, vermiculite, plastic boxes, and water must be sterilized before use.</li>
		<li>Activation and culture of A. rhizogenes K599 
		NOTE: The A. rhizogenes K599 strain had one binary vector pRed13052 carrying a red fluorescent reporter gene DsRed2.
		<ol>
			<li>Remove the A. rhizogenes strain K599 from a -80 &#176;C freezer, and activate the bacteria on solid LB medium (with 50 mg/L kanamycin and 50 mg/L streptomycin) at 28 &#176;C for 48 h.</li>
			<li>Pick out a single clone of strain K599 and culture it in 1 mL of liquid antibiotic-containing LB medium for 12 h.</li>
			<li>Evenly spread 500 &#181;L of the bacterial suspension on solid antibiotic-containing LB medium, followed by incubation at 28 &#176;C for 24 h.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. One-step A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation method
<ol>
	<li>Hypocotyl incision
	<ol>
		<li>After 7 days (define the sowing of the seeds as day 0), seedling cotyledons have just unfolded (Figure 1A), use a sterilized, sharp scalpel to cut approximately 0.5-1 cm of the hypocotyl (Figure 1B). Discard the primary root and some of the partial hypocotyl. 
		NOTE: Use the scalpel with care.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>K599 inoculation
	<ol>
		<li>Coat the hypocotyl incision with K599 bacteria (Figure 1C).</li>
		<li>Plant the seedlings in moist vermiculite (Figure 1D).</li>
		<li>Infect 30 plants of each species via A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. Water each plant with 5 mL of resuspended K599 bacterial suspension (OD600 = 0.5-0.6) in a quarter strength (0.25x) Gamborg B-5 basic medium (Figure 1E).</li>
		<li>Cover the pots with a highly transparent plastic bag (Figure 1F) and place them in a growth chamber.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Hairy root production
<ol>
	<li>Grow the plants for ~12 days post inoculation, new hairy roots will be induced and generated at the incision site. After 15 days, the hairy root lengths typically reach 2-5 cm (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>To determine whether the hairy roots produced are transgenic, examine the expression of reporter genes dependent on the transformed vector in K599.
	<ol>
		<li>Detect the expression of the reporter gene DsRed2 using a chemiluminescence imaging system with green excitation light at 540 nm and emission at 600 nm (Figure 2B, Figure 2D, and Figure 2F).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

One-Step Hairy Root Transformation Method for Advancing Root-Related Biology

<ol><li>Chilton, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Agrobacterium+rhizogenes+inserts+T-DNA+into+the+genome+of+the+host+plant+root+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genome of the host plant root cells.</a> Nature. 295, 432-434 (1982).</li>
<li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+fast%2C+simple%2C+high+efficient+and+one-step+generation+of+composite+cucumber+plants+with+transgenic+roots+by+Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-mediated+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Cell%2C+Tissue+and+Organ+Culture+%28PCTOC%29%22%5BJournal%5D)">A fast, simple, high efficient and one-step generation of composite cucumber plants with transgenic roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation.</a> Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 141, 207-216 (2020).</li>
<li>Du, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficient+targeted+mutagenesis+in+soybean+by+TALENs+and+CRISPR%2FCas9%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Biotechnology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficient targeted mutagenesis in soybean by TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Journal of Biotechnology. 217, 90-97 (2016).</li>
<li>Nguyen, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+efficient+hairy+root+system+for+validation+of+plant+transformation+vector+and+CRISPR%2FCas+construct+activities+in+cucumber+%28Cucumis+sativus+L.%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Frontiers+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">An efficient hairy root system for validation of plant transformation vector and CRISPR/Cas construct activities in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 12, 770062(2022).</li>
<li>Liu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((AtGCS+promoter-driven+clustered+regularly+interspaced+short+palindromic+repeats%2FCas9+highly+efficiently+generates+homozygous%2Fbiallelic+mutations+in+the+transformed+roots+by+Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-mediated+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Frontiers+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">AtGCS promoter-driven clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 highly efficiently generates homozygous/biallelic mutations in the transformed roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 13, 952428(2022).</li>
<li>Irigoyen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Plant+hairy+roots+enable+high+throughput+identification+of+antimicrobials+against+Candidatus+Liberibacter+spp%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Communications%22%5BJournal%5D)">Plant hairy roots enable high throughput identification of antimicrobials against Candidatus Liberibacter spp.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 5802(2020).</li>
<li>Plasencia, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Eucalyptus+hairy+roots%2C+a+fast%2C+efficient+and+versatile+tool+to+explore+function+and+expression+of+genes+involved+in+wood+formation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Biotechnology+Journal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Eucalyptus hairy roots, a fast, efficient and versatile tool to explore function and expression of genes involved in wood formation.</a> Plant Biotechnology Journal. 14 (6), 1381-1393 (2016).</li>
<li>Gutierrez-Valdes, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hairy+root+cultures-a+versatile+tool+with+multiple+applications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Frontiers+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hairy root cultures-a versatile tool with multiple applications.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 11, 33(2020).</li>
<li>Stougaard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Agrobacterium+rhizogenes+as+a+vector+for+transforming+higher+plants.+Application+in+Lotus+corniculatus+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+in+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Agrobacterium rhizogenes as a vector for transforming higher plants. Application in Lotus corniculatus transformation.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 49, 49-61 (1995).</li>
<li>Kereszt, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-mediated+transformation+of+soybean+to+study+root+biology%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature+Protocols%22%5BJournal%5D)">Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of soybean to study root biology.</a> Nature Protocols. 2 (4), 948-952 (2007).</li>
<li>Ho-Plágaro, T., Huertas, R., Tamayo-Navarrete, M. I., Ocampo, J. A., García-Garrido, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((An+improved+method+for+Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-mediated+transformation+of+tomato+suitable+for+the+study+of+arbuscular+mycorrhizal+symbiosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">An improved method for Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of tomato suitable for the study of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.</a> Plant Methods. 14, 34(2018).</li>
<li>Yu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Overexpression+of+phosphatidylserine+synthase+IbPSS1+affords+cellular+Na%2B+homeostasis+and+salt+tolerance+by+activating+plasma+membrane+Na%2B%2FH%2B+antiport+activity+in+sweet+potato+roots%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Horticulture+Research%22%5BJournal%5D)">Overexpression of phosphatidylserine synthase IbPSS1 affords cellular Na+ homeostasis and salt tolerance by activating plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiport activity in sweet potato roots.</a> Horticulture Research. 7, 131(2020).</li>
<li>Boisson-Dernier, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-transformed+roots+of+Medicago+truncatula+for+the+study+of+nitrogen-fixing+and+endomycorrhizal+symbiotic+associations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Molecular+Plant-Microbe+Interactions%3A+MPMI%22%5BJournal%5D)">Agrobacterium rhizogenes-transformed roots of Medicago truncatula for the study of nitrogen-fixing and endomycorrhizal symbiotic associations.</a> Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions: MPMI. 14 (6), 695-700 (2001).</li>
<li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((One-step+generation+of+composite+soybean+plants+with+transgenic+roots+by+Agrobacterium+rhizogenes-mediated+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22BMC+Plant+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">One-step generation of composite soybean plants with transgenic roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation.</a> BMC Plant Biology. 20 (1), 208(2020).</li>
<li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Anthocyanin%2C+a+novel+and+user-friendly+reporter+for+convenient%2C+non-destructive%2C+low+cost%2C+directly+visual+selection+of+transgenic+hairy+roots+in+the+study+of+rhizobia-legume+symbiosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Plant+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Anthocyanin, a novel and user-friendly reporter for convenient, non-destructive, low cost, directly visual selection of transgenic hairy roots in the study of rhizobia-legume symbiosis.</a> Plant Methods. 16, 94(2020).</li>
<li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Application+of+AtMYB75+as+a+reporter+gene+in+the+study+of+symbiosis+between+tomato+and+Funneliformis+mosseae%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mycorrhiza%22%5BJournal%5D)">Application of AtMYB75 as a reporter gene in the study of symbiosis between tomato and Funneliformis mosseae.</a> Mycorrhiza. 33 (3), 181-185 (2023).</li>
<li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+a+set+of+novel+binary+expression+vectors+for+plant+gene+function+analysis+and+genetic+transformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Frontiers+in+Plant+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of a set of novel binary expression vectors for plant gene function analysis and genetic transformation.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 13, 1104905(2023).</li>
<li>Li, Q. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Phytochrome+B+inhibits+darkness-induced+hypocotyl+adventitious+root+formation+by+stabilizing+IAA14+and+suppressing+ARF7+and+ARF19%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22The+Plant+Journal%3A+For+Cell+and+Molecular+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Phytochrome B inhibits darkness-induced hypocotyl adventitious root formation by stabilizing IAA14 and suppressing ARF7 and ARF19.</a> The Plant Journal: For Cell and Molecular Biology. 105 (6), 1689-1702 (2021).</li>
</ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

The one-step A. rhizogenes-mediated&#160;hairy root method is a simpler and more efficient method for producing composite plants than the hypocotyl-injection method. The one-step ARM method significantly improves the efficiency of hairy root transformation, shortens the time to produce hairy roots, increases the number of hairy roots, and reduces the amount of work involved. The improved transformation protocol is optimal for studies on symbioses between leguminous plants and rhizobia and between plants and arbu...

Agrobacterium rhizogenes is a gram-negative soil bacterium from the family Rhizobiaceae. A. rhizogenes can infect almost all dicotyledons, a few monocotyledons, and individual gymnosperms through wounds, producing hairy roots in infected plants. The bacterium carries the Ri (root-inducing) plasmid, and the T-DNA of the Ri plasmid carries the opine synthesis gene and rol genes (root locus genes). After the T-DNA of the Ri plasmid enters a plant cell and is integrated into a host chromosome, the expression of the rol genes induces production of hairy roots1. A plant binary expression vector carrying a target gene is transformed into A. rhizogenes, and the transformed A. rhizogenes is used to infect a plant. Transgenic roots can be induced in infected plants, producing composite plants containing transgenic roots and nontransgenic stems and buds. Generally, a composite plant can be obtained within 14-20 days. A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation is generally not limited by genotype in dicotyledonous plants2. The hairy roots produced by A. rhizogenes-infected plants are characterized by a fast growth rate, stable inheritance, and easy operation. Hairy root transformation mediated by A. rhizogenes is currently widely used to study root-related biology. Furthermore, the transformation of hairy roots can also be used to validate and optimize the target-editing efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system3,4,5 and protein subcellular localization. Therefore, hairy root transformation is an important tool in research on plant gene function, metabolic engineering, and interactions between roots and rhizosphere microorganisms6,7,8.
Composite plants containing transgenic roots obtained through hairy root transformation have been widely produced in dicotyledonous plants, especially in legumes. The traditional method of injecting the hypocotyl with A. rhizogenes has been used to produce composite Lotus corniculatus9, soybeans10, tomato11, sweet potatoes12,&#160;and many other plants5,8. The hypocotyl-injection method is inefficient and is likely to cause the death of young or tiny hypocotyl plants. Therefore, the method was improved by cutting off the embryonic roots, coating the seedling incision with A. rhizogenes, and then placing the hypocotyl on sterile culture medium for rooting cultivation13. However, those steps are performed in a sterile environment, and the operation steps are relatively cumbersome. In particular, the resulting composite plants need to be transplanted, which increases the amount of work. In previous work, one-step A. rhizogenes-mediated (ARM) hairy root transformation was established in cucumber, soybean, Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula,&#160;and tomato2,14,15,16,17. The primary root and partial hypocotyl were removed, the incision site of the remaining hypocotyl was coated with transformed A. rhizogenes, and the seedling was then planted into moist sterile vermiculite. After 12 days of cultivation, hairy roots were produced at the incision site. The one-step ARM method is highly efficient and requires less time to produce hairy roots. Transplanting after forming hairy roots is also not necessary. Because microbial contamination can be avoided without transplantation, the one-step ARM method can be particularly useful when studying interactions between plants and microorganisms, such as symbiotic nitrogen fixation between leguminous plants and Rhizobia, and symbioses between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In this paper, a detailed one-step A. rhizogenes-mediated&#160;hairy root transformation protocol is provided with examples of composite plants produced in wild soybean, Solanum americanum, and pumpkin. With the protocol, researchers can smoothly perform the one-step ARM transformation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>kanamycin</td><td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td><td>A506636</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB medium</td><td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td><td>B540113</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plastic box</td><td>LiaoSu</td><td></td><td>8 cm x 11 cm x 9 cm</td></tr><tr><td>pumpkin</td><td></td><td></td><td>local variety Yinsu</td></tr><tr><td>streptomycin</td><td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td><td>A610494&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tanon-5200Multi machine</td><td>Tanon Co., Ltd., China</td><td>5200Multi</td><td>chemiluminescence imaging system</td></tr><tr><td>tomato</td><td></td><td></td><td>local variety Zhongshu4</td></tr><tr><td>wild soybean</td><td></td><td></td><td>collected in Yanggu County, Liaocheng, China</td></tr></tbody></table>

an efficient and reproducible method for producing composite plants by agrobacterium rhizogenes-based hairy root transformation

An Efficient and Reproducible Method for Producing Composite Plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Based Hairy Root Transformation

Producing composite plants with transgenic roots and nontransgenic stems and buds using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation is a powerful tool to study root-related biology. Hairy root transformation is established in a wide range of dicotyledons and in several monocotyledon species and is almost independent of the genotype. The traditional method of hypocotyl injection with A. rhizogenes to obtain composite plants is inefficient, time-consuming, laborious, and frequently causes the death of tender and tiny hypocotyl plants. A highly efficient, one-step hairy root transformation mediated by A. rhizogenes was established previously, which eliminates the need for transplanting after producing hairy roots. In this study, a partial hypocotyl and primary root were removed, the hypocotyl incision site was coated with A. rhizogenes, and&#160;then hypocotyls were planted in sterile vermiculite. After 12 days of cultivation, the hypocotyl incision expanded and new hairy roots were induced. This article provides the detailed protocol of a one-step transformation method mediated by A. rhizogenes, with its effectiveness demonstrated by producing composite plants of wild soybean, Solanum americanum, and pumpkin.

Highly efficient one-step A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation 
Hairy roots were produced at the hypocotyl incision site 12 days after inoculation with engineered K599. Transgenic hairy roots were determined based on the expression of the reporter gene contained in the binary vector. Transgenic roots transformed with the reporter gene DsRed2 of composite wild soybean, S. americanum, and pumpkin were observed under natural (Figure 2A,...

Here, we provide the detailed protocol of a one-step transformation method mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens to produce composite plants.

Producing composite plants with transgenic roots and nontransgenic stems and buds using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation is a ...

an-efficient-reproducible-method-for-producing-composite-plants

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

We demonstrate how hairy root composite plants can be used to study plant-rhizobium interactions and nodulation in the difficult-to-transform species Medicago truncatula.

Generation of Composite Plants in Medicago truncatula used for Nodulation Assays

Using DNA assembly, multiple CRISPR vectors can be constructed in parallel in a single cloning reaction, making the construction of large numbers of CRISPR vectors a simple task. Tomato hairy roots are an excellent model system to validate CRISPR vectors and generate mutant materials.

High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots

Here, we present two protocols to transform potato plants. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation leads to a complete transgenic plant while the Agrobacterium rhizogenes produces transgenic hairy roots in a wild type shoot that can be self-propagated. We then detect promoter activity by GUS staining in the transformed roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

We describe a method of inducing hairy roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). This can be used to investigate gene functions and production of secondary metabolites in Tartary buckwheat, be adopted for any genetic transformation, or used for other medicinal plants after improvement.

Inducing Hairy Roots by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum)

Here, we present a protocol for the high-efficiency production of transgenic soybean hairy roots.

Soybean Hairy Root Transformation for the Analysis of Gene Function

The protocol describes hairy root induction using Arabidopsis primary inflorescence stems and Brassica napus hypocotyls. The hairy roots can be cultured and used as explants to regenerate transgenic plants.

Hairy Root Transformation and Regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus

Plants offer a novel system for the production of pharmaceutical proteins on a commercial scale that is more scalable, cost-efficient and safe than current expression paradigms. In this study, we report a simple and convenient, yet scalable approach to introduce target-gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plants for protein transient expression.

Efficient Agroinfiltration of Plants for High-level Transient Expression of Recombinant Proteins

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor induced by infection with the oncogenic virus human herpesvirus-8/KS herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV). The endothelial cell culture model described here is uniquely suited for studying the mechanisms by which KSHV transforms host cells.

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Here, we describe a rapid and flexible protocol for the formation of 3D cell spheroids through cell aggregation. This is easily adapted to multiple cell types and is suitable for use in a variety of applications including cell migration, invasion, or anoikis assays, and for imaging and quantifying cell-matrix interactions.

An Efficient and Flexible Cell Aggregation Method for 3D Spheroid Production

This protocol describes a method to achieve stable integration of a gene of interest into the human genome by the transcriptionally regulated Sleeping Beauty system. Preparation of the integration of defective lentiviral vectors, the in vitro transduction of human cells, and the molecular assay on transduced cells are reported.

An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector

Learn an efficient one-step hairy root transformation method using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to produce composite plants. This technique advances plant gene function studies and metabolic engineering research.

An Efficient and Reproducible Method for Producing Composite Plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Based Hairy Root Transformation

Explore More Videos