Herein, we demonstrate a three-step organoid model (two-dimensional [2D] expansion, 2D stimulation, three-dimensional [3D] maturation) offering a promising tool for tendon fundamental research and a potential scaffold-free method for tendon tissue engineering.
Graça, A. L., Kroner-Weigl, N., Reyes Alcaraz, V., Müller-Deubert, S., Rudert, M., Docheva, D. Demonstration of Self-Assembled Cell Sheet Culture and Manual Generation of a 3D Tendon/Ligament-Like Organoid by using Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J. Vis. Exp. (208), e66047, doi:10.3791/66047 (2024).