Name: Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2025-04-04T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 48 s
Description: Discover eye tracking methods for assessing pilot cognitive load and attention allocation during flight simulation emergencies. This approach enhances aviation training safety through objective psychophysiological measures.

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This work is supported in part by the Canadian Graduate Scholarship (CGS) from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, and the Exploration Grant (00753) from the New Frontiers in Research Fund. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsors.

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No competing financial interests exist.

The eye tracking method described here enables the assessment of information processing in a flight simulator environment via a wearable eye tracker. Assessing the spatial and temporal characteristics of gaze behavior provides insight into human information processing, which has been studied extensively using highly controlled laboratory paradigms4,7,28. Harnessing recent advances in technology allows the generalization of eye t...

Humans predominantly interact with the world around them by first moving their eyes and head to focus their line of sight (i.e., gaze) toward a specific object or location of interest. This is particularly true in complex environments such as aircraft cockpits where pilots are faced with multiple competing stimuli. Gaze movements enable the collection of high-resolution visual information that allows humans to interact with their environment in a safe and flexible manner1, which is of paramount importance in aviation. Studies have shown that eye movements and gaze behavior provide insight into underlying perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes across various tasks1,2,3. Moreover, where we look has a direct influence on the planning and execution of upper limb movements3. Therefore, gaze behavior analysis during aviation tasks provides an objective and non-invasive method, which could reveal how eye movement patterns relate to various aspects of information processing and performance.
Several studies have demonstrated an association between gaze and task performance across various laboratory paradigms, as well as complex real-world tasks (i.e., operating an aircraft). For instance, task-relevant areas tend to be fixated more frequently and for longer total durations, suggesting that fixation location, frequency, and dwell time are proxies for the allocation of attention in neurocognitive and aviation tasks4,5,6. Highly successful performers and experts show significant fixation biases toward task-critical areas compared to less successful performers or novices4,7,8. Spatiotemporal aspects of gaze are captured through changes in dwell time patterns across various areas of interest (AOIs) or measures of fixation distribution (i.e., Stationary Gaze Entropy: SGE). In the context of laboratory-based paradigms, average fixation duration, scan path length, and gaze sequence complexity (i.e., Gaze Transition Entropy: GTE) tend to increase due to the increased scanning and processing required to problem-solve and elaborate on more challenging task goals/solutions4,7.
Conversely, aviation studies have demonstrated that scan path length and gaze sequence complexity decrease with task complexity and cognitive load. This discrepancy highlights the fact that understanding the task components and the demands of the paradigm being employed is critical for the accurate interpretation of gaze metrics. Altogether, research to date supports that gaze measures provide meaningful, objective insight into task-specific information processing that underlies the differences in task difficulty, cognitive load, and task performance. With advances in eye tracking technology (i.e., portability, calibration, and cost), examining gaze behavior in &#39;the wild&#39; is an emerging area of research with tangible applications toward advancing occupational training in the fields of medicine9,10,11 and aviation12,13,14.
The current work aims to further examine the utility of using gaze-based metrics to gain insight into information processing by specifically employing a wearable eye tracker during an emergency flight simulation task in low-time pilots. This study expands on previous work that used a head-stabilized eye tracker (i.e., EyeLink II) to examine differences in gaze behavior metrics as a function of flight difficulty (i.e., changes in weather conditions)5. The work presented in this manuscript also extends on other work which described the methodological and analytical approaches for using eye tracking in a virtual reality system15. Our study used a higher fidelity motionless simulator and reports additional analysis of eye movement data (i.e., entropy). This type of analysis has been reported in previous papers; however, a limitation in the current literature is the lack of standardization in reporting the analytical steps. For example, reporting how areas of interest are defined is of critical importance because it directly influences the resultant entropy values16.
To summarize, the current work examined traditional and dynamic gaze behavior metrics while task difficulty was manipulated via the introduction of an in-flight emergency scenario (i.e., unexpected total engine failure). It was expected that the introduction of an in-flight emergency scenario would provide insight into gaze behavior changes underlying information processing during more challenging task conditions. The study reported here is part of a larger study examining the utility of eye tracking in a flight simulator to inform competency-based pilot training. The results presented here have not been previously published.

<table><tbody><tr><td>flight simulator</td><td>ALSIM</td><td>AL-250</td><td>fixed fully immersive flight simulation training device</td></tr><tr><td>laptop</td><td>Hp</td><td>Lenovo</td><td>eye tracking data collection laptop; requirements: Windows 10 and python 3.0</td></tr><tr><td>portable eye-tracker</td><td>AdHawk&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>MindLink eye tracking glasses (250 Hz, &amp;lt;2&amp;deg; gaze error, front-facing camera); eye tracking batch script is made available with AdHawk device purchase</td></tr></tbody></table>

eye tracking during a complex aviation task for insights into information processing

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

Eye tracking has been used extensively as a proxy to gain insight into the cognitive, perceptual, and sensorimotor processes that underlie skill performance. Previous work has shown that traditional and advanced gaze metrics reliably demonstrate robust differences in pilot expertise, cognitive load, fatigue, and even situation awareness (SA).
This study describes the methodology for using a wearable eye tracker and gaze mapping algorithm that captures naturalistic head and eye movements (i.e., gaze) in a high-fidelity flight motionless simulator. The method outlined in this paper describes the area of interest (AOI)-based gaze analyses, which provides more context related to where participants are looking, and dwell time duration, which indicates how efficiently they are processing the fixated information. The protocol illustrates the utility of a wearable eye tracker and computer vision algorithm to assess changes in gaze behavior in response to an unexpected in-flight emergency.
Representative results demonstrated that gaze was significantly impacted when the emergency event was introduced. Specifically, attention allocation, gaze dispersion, and gaze sequence complexity significantly decreased and became highly concentrated on looking outside the front window and at the airspeed gauge during the emergency scenario (all p values &#60; 0.05). The utility and limitations of employing a wearable eye tracker in a high-fidelity motionless flight simulation environment to understand the spatiotemporal characteristics of gaze behavior and its relation to information processing in the aviation domain are discussed.

The impact of task demands on flight performance 
The data were analyzed based on successful landing trials across basic and emergency conditions. All measures were subjected to a paired-samples' t-test (within-subject factor: task condition (basic, emergency)). All t-tests were performed with an alpha level set at 0.05. Four participants crashed during the emergency scenario trial and were not included in the main analyses because the sparse data does not allow meaningful conclusion...

Eye tracking is a non-invasive method to probe information processing. This article describes how eye tracking can be used to study gaze behavior during a flight simulation emergency task in low-time pilots (i.e., &lt;350 flight hours).

Eye tracking has been used extensively as a proxy to gain insight into the cognitive, perceptual, and sensorimotor processes that underlie skill ...

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Discover eye tracking methods for assessing pilot cognitive load and attention allocation during flight simulation emergencies. This approach enhances aviation training safety through objective psychophysiological measures.

Eye Tracking During A Complex Aviation Task For Insights Into Information Processing

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