Dual-Loop PI Control for a Dynamic Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System with Dual-transmitters using 3D Modeling of DD Coils

Summary

This work presents a simulation-based dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) system using a double-D (DD) coil structure in a dual-transmitter single-receiver (DTSR) topology and dual-loop proportional–integral (PI) control strategy, demonstrating regulated voltage and power delivery under coupling variation, misalignment effects, and a 150 mm air gap.

Abstract

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) is an emerging technology for supplying electric vehicles (EVs) with energy while in motion; however, its performance is significantly affected by coupling variation, coil misalignment, and load fluctuations. To address these challenges, this study presents a simulation-based protocol that integrates electromagnetic modeling, circuit-level co-simulation, and coordinated control evaluation for a dual-transmitter single-receiver (DTSR) DWPT system. The methodology begins with three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling of a double-D (DD) coil configuration using a finite-element solver to characterize self- and mutual-inductance variations under misalignment conditions. These parameters are then incorporated into a resonant circuit model to optimize power transfer performance. The complete DTSR system is subsequently implemented in a system-level simulation environment, where a dual-loop proportional–integral (PI) control strategy is applied to regulate output voltage and power under time-varying coupling conditions. The results demonstrate stable power delivery and effective regulation performance across dynamic operating scenarios, including a fixed air gap of 150 mm and varying misalignment conditions. The proposed framework enables systematic evaluation of system dynamics, control response, and power stability. This protocol provides a structured and reproducible workflow for analyzing and validating DTSR-based DWPT systems and supports the development of robust control strategies for dynamic EV charging applications.

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a competitive alternative for transportation due to their advantages in environmental friendliness, isolation, and safety^1,2. However, EVs face several constraints, most notably limited battery autonomy, which results in restricted driving range, high cost, and lengthy charging times^3,4. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is considered a key enabler for overcoming these limitations by providing convenient and continuous energy supply. This charging technology can be categorized into two groups: static charg....

Protocol

The research tools employed are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. 3D finite-element modeling of DD coils

The electromagnetic modeling and optimization of transmitter and receiver DD coils were implemented using a 3D finite-element electromagnetic solver. The transmitter coil dimensions were optimized by sweeping length and width, while the receiver coil dimensions and the distance between the coils were kept fixed. The magnetic coupling between both sides was measured, and its mathematical representation is given by³¹:

Results

Coil optimization sweep
The dimensions of the primary and secondary DD coils were determined based on the parametric sweeping procedure described in the protocol. The measured magnetic coupling between both sides during primary coil dimension sweeping indicated that the maximum coupling coefficient was achieved at a transmitter length of 500 mm and a width of 370 mm, with values of 0.349204 and 0.337464, respectively, as shown in Figure 11. Based on these results, the op.......

Discussion

The main research gap addressed in this work concerned the limited dynamic stability and regulation accuracy of conventional single-loop or uncontrolled DWPT systems, particularly under load variations and coupling fluctuations caused by vehicle motion, as highlighted in previous studies on dynamic wireless charging systems^7,8. The results demonstrated that the proposed dual-loop PI control architecture for the DTSR configuration directly addressed this limitatio.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
ANSYS Electronics Desktop (Maxwell 3D)	Ansys, Inc.Maxwell  (version 2018)	N/A	Integrated electromagnetic platform hosting ANSYS Maxwell  used for finite-element electromagnetic modeling of DWPT coils
ANSYS Electronics Desktop (Simplorer)	Ansys, Inc.Simplorer  (version 2018)	N/A	Commercial circuit-level simulator used to implement resonant DWPT model
MATLAB/Simulink	MathWorks, Inc.(version R2023b)	N/A	Control design and simulation environment used for controller implementation and dynamic system simulation