21.17: Adrenal Gland Disorders
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing inadequate cortisol production, triggers premature puberty, enlarged penises in males, and ambiguous genitalia in females.
Conversely, excessive cortisol production causes Cushing's syndrome, characterized by rapid protein loss in muscles and bones, along with symptoms like diabetes, high blood pressure, excessive weight gain, and edema.
Another adrenal disorder arises from medullary chromaffin cell tumors known as pheochromocytoma, leading to elevated catecholamine levels. This condition prompts uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity, presenting symptoms like heightened blood pressure, excessive sweating, rapid heart rate, and anxiety.
Treatment approaches for adrenal disorders encompass a combination of medication, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications. The aim is to restore hormonal balance and alleviate symptoms, ensuring optimal functioning of the adrenal glands and overall well-being for affected individuals.
