Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

بالإضافة إلى الجلوكوز،تتناول الكائنات الحية الطعام على شكل كربوهيدرات وبروتين ودهون،وهو أيضًا يلعب دورًا في مسار تحلل السكر. الكربوهيدرات،سلاسل من السكريات البسيطة العديدة،يتم تفكيكها أولًا إلى وحدات أصغر وتلقيمها إلى مسار تحلل السكر،وعندما تتفكك إلى بيروفات. مثل السكروز،وهو سكر موجود في معظم الفواكة والخضروات،يتم تفكيكه إلى اثنين من السكريات أبسط،الفركتوز والجلوكوز،ثم يتم تقويضه في مسار تحلل السكر.تتفكك البروتينات،عبر الإنزيمات،إلى أحماض أمينية،وبينما يتم إعادة تدوير بعض الأحماض الأمينية لبناء بروتينات جديدة،يمكن للبعض الآخر دخول مسار تحلل السكر عند نقاط مختلفة،فقط بعد إزالة المجموعة الأمينية وتحويلها إلى نشادر. وأخيرًا،الدهون،في هيئة كوليسترول ودهون ثلاثية،يتم تقويضها في عملية تسمى أكسدة بيتائية. تتحول سلاسل الأحماض الدهنية إلى مجموعات أسيتيلية،وهي ما يلتقطها تميم الإنزيم أ وتدخل المسار عبر دورة حمض الستريك.

الوصلات الغذائية

<h4>نظره عامه</h4>

المسارات الأيضية مترابطة. ترتبط عمليات التنفس الخلوي التي تحول الجلوكوز إلى أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات _ مثل تحلل السكر وأكسدة البيروفات ودورة حمض الستريك _ بتلك التي تحلل المركبات العضوية الأخرى. ونتيجة لذلك ، فإن الأطعمة المختلفة _ من التفاح إلى الجبن إلى الجواكامولي _ ينتهي بها الأمر باعتبارها أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات. بالإضافة إلى الكربوهيدرات ، يحتوي الطعام أيضاً على البروتينات والدهون _ مثل الكوليسترول والدهون. تستخدم كل هذه المركبات العضوية كمصادر للطاقة (أي لإنتاج أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات).

<h4>هضم الكربوهيدرات</h4>

يمتلك جسم الإنسان العديد من الإنزيمات التي تكسر الكربوهيدرات إلى سكريات بسيطة. بينما يمكن أن يدخل الجلوكوز في تحلل السكر مباشرة ، يتم تحويل بعض السكريات البسيطة ، مثل الفركتوز والجالاكتوز ، أولاً إلى سكريات تكون وسيطة في مسار التحلل.

<h4>هضم البروتين</h4>

يتم تكسير البروتينات بواسطة الإنزيمات إلى الأحماض الأمينية المكونة لها ، والتي عادة ما يتم إعادة تدويرها لإنتاج بروتينات جديدة. ومع ذلك ، إذا كان الجسم يتضور جوعاً أو كان هناك فائض من الأحماض الأمينية ، فقد تفقد بعض الأحماض الأمينية مجموعاتها الأمينية وتدخل بعد ذلك في التنفس الخلوي. يتم تحويل المجموعات الأمينية المفقودة إلى أمونيا ودمجها في منتجات النفايات. تدخل الأحماض الأمينية المختلفة التنفس الخلوي في مراحل مختلفة ، بما في ذلك تحلل السكر وأكسدة البيروفات ودورة حمض الستريك. يمكن أيضاً إنتاج الأحماض الأمينية من المواد الوسيطة في عمليات التنفس الخلوي.

<h4>هضم الدهون</h4>

يمكن أيضاً إنتاج الدهون ، مثل الكوليسترول والدهون الثلاثية (أي الدهون) ، وتقسيمها في مسارات التنفس الخلوي. تتكون الدهون الثلاثية ، على سبيل المثال ، من الجلسرين وثلاثة أحماض دهنية. يمكن أن يدخل الجلسرين الفسفوري في تحلل السكر. تدخل الأحماض الدهنية دورة حمض الستريك بعد تحويلها إلى أسيتيل CoA من خلال سلسلة من التفاعلات تسمى أكسدة بيتا.

وبالتالي يمكن الحصول على الطاقة الكيميائية الحيوية ، على شكل أدينوسين ثلاثي الفوسفات ، من الكربوهيدرات أو البروتينات أو الدهون.

في الأنظمة البيولوجية ، ترتبط معظم مسارات التمثيل الغذائي ببعضها البعض. عمليات التنفس الخلوي التي تحول الجلوكوز إلى ATP - مثل ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية

Cellular Respiration

التنفس الخلوي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

How Food Becomes ATP | JoVE K12

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biology

Next Generation Science Standards

Life Science

HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

HS-LS1-7.

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the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

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Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
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Organization of Genes

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Replication in Eukaryotes

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Mutations

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Transcription

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Translation

Lesson: Translation
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MicroRNAs

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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein Complex Assembly

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Conjugated Proteins

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Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

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Phosphorylation

Ligand Binding Sites

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
EXPLANATION: Discussions of DNA in earlier grades have been limited to discussions of genes and the role of genes in the appearance and activities of an organism. Biology 1 represents a student's introduction to a molecular model of a DNA as well as the organization of DNA into genes and genes subsequently into chromosomes. Students should address interactions between genes in proteins which regulate both the shape and reproduction of DNA molecules. It is important to note that not all segments of DNA are transcribed for proteins. Portions of DNA are involved in regulating the expression of genes or affect the structure of the chromosomes (replication origin, centromeres, and telomeres).

BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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