Name: atp production by chemiosmosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.b

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions, like protons, across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient.
During mitochondrial cellular respiration, the electron transport chain establishes a proton gradient by pumping hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.
This electrochemical gradient is then utilized by ATP synthase, a complex embedded within the inner membrane to generate ATP&#8212; a process called chemiosmosis.
The ATP synthase complex has a stator, a channel that enables ions to enter a membrane-embedded rotor. The rotor begins to turn, and once it completes a 360&#176; full rotation, the protons dissociate one by one and exit back into the matrix through another stator channel.
The spinning rotor further turns the central stalk bringing conformational changes in the globular head. The globular head subunits then catalyze the conversion of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
Overall, oxidative phosphorylation, which includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, produces 32 to 34 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule, making it the major energy-contributing stage of cellular respiration.

chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes&#8212; the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce molecular oxygen to produce water.
The shuttling of electrons between complexes is coupled with proton transfer from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space against their concentration gradient. Eventually, the high concentration of protons in the intermembrane space drives ATP synthase, a protein complex embedded within the inner membrane, to produce ATP in a process called chemiosmosis. It was biochemist Peter Mitchell who discovered the chemiosmotic mechanism required in respiring cells for ATP synthesis. Similarly, plants also use chemiosmosis to convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy in the form of ATP.
ATP Synthase
ATP synthase is a multi-subunit complex. It consists of a stator&#8212;the channel through which protons enter and leave the complex, a multi-unit rotor (F0) embedded within the membrane, and a knob of catalytic proteins (F1) located in the mitochondrial matrix. The binding of the incoming protons to the F0 rotor makes it spin. The spinning rotor then turns the internal stalk called &#947;-subunit, which passes through the center of the F1 subunits. The rotation of the &#947;-subunit facilitates changes in the conformation of F1 sub-units such that they can catalyze the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
ATP Production
The process of aerobic respiration can produce a total of 30 or 32 ATPs per molecule of glucose consumed. Four ATP are produced during glycolysis, but two are consumed in the process, resulting in a net total of two ATP molecules. One ATP molecule is produced per round of the Krebs cycle, and two cycles occur for every glucose molecule, producing a net total of two ATP. Finally, 32 to 34 ATP are produced in the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether NADH or FADH2 is used as the electron carrier.

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives ...

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Cellular Respiration

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

atp production by chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells.

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set of redox reactions. At the end of the chain, the electrons reduce molecular oxygen to form water. As the electrons move between complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space against their concentration gradient.

That proton buildup powers ATP synthase, a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane. ATP synthase has a stator, a rotor called F0, and a catalytic knob called F1 in the mitochondrial matrix. When protons bind to the F0 rotor, it spins. This rotation turns the gamma subunit, which changes the shape of the F1 subunits so they can make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Peter Mitchell discovered the chemiosmotic mechanism needed for ATP synthesis in respiring cells. Plants also use chemiosmosis to turn energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in ATP. During aerobic respiration, a cell can make a total of 30 or 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Glycolysis produces four ATP but uses two, for a net gain of two. The Krebs cycle produces one ATP per round, and two rounds occur per glucose, adding two more ATP. The electron transport chain then produces 32 to 34 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether NADH or FADH2 serves as the electron carrier.

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the electron transport chain and ATP synthase work together in chemiosmosis to make ATP during aerobic respiration and in plants.

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis | JoVE K12

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from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

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Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.5

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BIO.11

BIO.11.A

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ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

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