Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

يحتاج جسم الإنسان إلى عوامل مختلفة ، مثل الطعام والأكسجين والماء ، بالإضافة إلى مجموعة آمنة من الظروف الجسدية ، بما في ذلك درجة حرارة الجسم والضغط الجوي للبقاء على قيد الحياة.
يتم هضم الطعام إلى عناصر غذائية مثل الكربوهيدرات والبروتينات والدهون والفيتامينات والمعادن. توفر هذه العناصر الغذائية الطاقة وهي ضرورية لنمو الإنسان وتطوره. 
يساعد الأكسجين على إنتاج الطاقة اللازمة للوظائف الفسيولوجية المختلفة ، من خلال التفاعلات التأكسدية. بدون الأكسجين ، يمكن للجسم البقاء على قيد الحياة لبضع دقائق فقط.
الماء هو جزء من تفاعلات كيميائية حيوية مختلفة داخل الجسم ويوفر وسيطا لعمليات مختلفة ، مثل إفرازات الجسم. يجب استعادته بانتظام لتعويض الماء المفقود من خلال التعرق أو التبول.
مطلوب درجة حرارة جسم تتراوح من 36 إلى 37 درجة مئوية تقريبا للإنزيمات التي تدفع التفاعلات الكيميائية الحيوية. تؤدي درجات الحرارة الأعلى أو الأقل من هذا النطاق إلى تعطيل هذه التفاعلات.
الضغط الجوي الذي يمارس على الجسم يحافظ على ذوبان الغازات الموجودة بداخله. في ظروف مثل الارتفاعات العالية ، ينخفض الضغط الجوي ، مما يؤثر على التنفس وتبادل الغازات في الرئتين.

متطلبات الحياة البشرية

<div style="direction:rtl">وفرت الأرض وجوها البشر الهواء والماء والطعام، لكن هذه ليست المتطلبات الوحيدة للبقاء على قيد الحياة. يحتاج البشر أيضًا إلى نطاق محدد من درجة الحرارة والضغط الذي توفره الأرض وجوها. الأكسجين يحتوي هواء الغلاف الجوي على حوالي 20 في المئة من الأكسجين فحسب، ولكن هذا الأكسجين هو عنصر رئيسي في التفاعلات الكيميائية التي تحافظ على حياة الجسم، بما في ذلك التفاعلات التي تنتج الأدينوسين الثلاثي الفوسفات (ATP). تعاني خلايا الدماغ من نقص في الأكسجين لأنها تحتاج إلى إنتاج ATP بشكل مستمر وعالٍ. من المحتمل حدوث ضرر في الدماغ خلال خمس دقائق دون أكسجين، ومن المحتمل أيضًا حدوث الوفاة خلال عشر دقائق. المواد المغذية المواد المغذية هي المواد الموجودة في الأطعمة والمشروبات الضرورية لبقاء الإنسان. ثلاث فئات أساسية من المواد المغذية هي الماء والمواد المغذية التي توفر الطاقة وتكوّن الجسم، والمواد المغذية الدقيقة - الفيتامينات والمعادن. المغذي الأكثر أهمية هو الماء. فالمواد الكيميائية الوظيفية للجسم تذوب وتنتقل في الماء، وتحدث التفاعلات الكيميائية للحياة في الماء. علاوة على ذلك، يُعتبر الماء المكون الأهم للخلايا والدم والسائل بين الخلايا، ويشكل الماء حوالي 70 في المئة من كتلة جسم البالغ. تعد المواد المغذية التي توفر الطاقة في المقام الأول الكربوهيدرات والدهون، في حين توفر البروتينات الأحماض الأمينية التي تعتبر كتلة بناء الجسم. يستهلك البشر هذه المواد من النباتات والحيوانات والأطعمة والمشروبات، ويقوم الجهاز الهضمي بتحليلها إلى جزيئات صغيرة بما يكفي لتمتصها الجسم. يمكن استخدام منتجات تحليل الكربوهيدرات والدهون في العمليات الاستقلابية التي تحولها إلى ATP. تسمى الماء والمواد المغذية التي توفر الطاقة أيضًا بالمواد المغذية الكبرى لأنه تحتاجها الجسم بكميات كبيرة. المواد المغذية الدقيقة في العديد من التفاعلات الكيميائية والعمليات الأساسية مثل الإشارات العصبية، وبعضها مثل الكالسيوم يساهم أيضًا في هيكل الجسم. يمكن للجسم تخزين بعض المواد المغذية الدقيقة في أنسجته والاستفادة منها إذا تم غيابها في النظام الغذائي لعدة أيام أو أسابيع. بعض المواد المغذية الدقيقة الأخرى مثل فيتامين C ومعظم فيتامينات B هي قابلة للذوبان في الماء ولا يمكن تخزينها؛ وبالتالي فإنها تحتاج إلى استهلاكها بانتظام بكمية متوازنة. نطاق حراري ضيق لا يمكن أن تحدث التفاعلات الكيميائية التي يعتمد عليها الجسم إلا في نطاق ضيق من درجة الحرارة الجسمية، من أقل بقليل إلى أعلى بقليل من 37 درجة مئوية (98.6 درجة فهرنهايت). عندما ترتفع درجة حرارة الجسم عن المعدل الطبيعي أو أقل بكثير، تفقد بعض البروتينات (الإنزيمات) التي تساعد على التفاعلات الكيميائية بنيتها العادية وقدرتها على العمل، وبالتالي لا يمكن للتفاعلات الكيميائية في التمثيل الغذائي المستمر. ومع ذلك، يمكن للجسم الاستجابة بفعالية للتعرض لفترة قصيرة للحرارة أو البرد. إحدى الاستجابات للحرارة هي التعرق. عندما يتبخر العرق من الجلد، فإنه يزيل بعض الطاقة الحرارية من الجسم ويبرده. يمكن أيضًا للجسم الاستجابة بفعالية للتعرض لفترة قصيرة للبرد. فإحدى الاستجابات للبرد هي الرعشة التي تعد حركة عشوائية للعضلات تولد الحرارة. نطاق ضيق للضغط الجوي يقوم الضغط الجوي بأكثر من مجرد إبقاء غازات الدم مذابة. فالقدرة على التنفس تعتمد أيضًا على الضغط الجوي الدقيق. يحدث داء المرتفعات لأن الغلاف الجوي في المرتفعات العالية يمارس ضغطًا أقل، مما يقلل من تبادل هذه الغازات ويسبب ضيق التنفس والارتباك والصداع والكسل والغثيان. هذا النص مقتبس من <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a></div>

زودت الأرض وغلافها الجوي البشر بالهواء والماء والغذاء ، لكن هذه ليست المتطلبات الوحيدة للبقاء على قيد الحياة. يحتاج البشر أيضا إلى ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

التشريح وعلم وظائف الأعضاء

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Introduction to the Human Body

مقدمة في جسم الإنسان

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

BIO.2.c

LS.2

LS.2.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-2.

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
ExpandCAUTION: It is important to always use care when handling reagents. For example, iodine will stain clothes and skin so wear ...

Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
ExpandHYPOTHESES: In this activity, the experimental hypothesis might be that the addition of an ...

pH Regulation in Cells

pH plays a critical role in maintaining normal cellular activities. It helps maintain the structure and function of various proteins, dictates the charge ...

Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

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Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

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Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
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Introduction to Actin

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Cell Structure

Background
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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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