Name: feedback loops in body balance
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Negative and Positive Feedback

Biological functions such as metabolic pathways or cell signaling pathways are regulated by feedback mechanisms, which comprise negative and positive feedback loops.
Positive feedback occurs when the product of a process stimulates further increase in its production, leading to an increased response.
The process of blood clotting is one of the common examples of a positive feedback loop.
A cut in the blood vessel wall acts as a stimulus that triggers the vessels and nearby platelets to release chemical signals, activating several clotting factors and attracting platelets to the site of injury, initiating a blood clot. The platelets secrete chemical signals to attract more platelets to the site until the developing clot completely seals off the wound.
A negative feedback loop occurs when the product of a reaction reduces the initial stimulus.
For example, when the blood glucose levels increase, the pancreas releases insulin, which triggers glucose uptake by liver cells, reducing the blood glucose levels.
Once the blood glucose levels are restored, the pancreas stops the production of insulin.

negative and positive feedback

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis (&#34;steady state&#34;). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires&#160; maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
<ul>
	<li>Dynamic because it constantly adjusts to the changes that the body&#39;s systems encounter.</li>
	<li>Equilibrium&#160; because body functions are kept within specific ranges. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium.</li>
</ul>
Homeostatic Process
The goal of homeostasis is the maintenance of equilibrium around a point or value called a set point. While there are normal fluctuations from the setpoint, the body&#39;s systems will usually attempt to go back to this point. A change in the internal or external environment is called a stimulus and is detected by a receptor; the response of the system is to adjust the deviation parameter toward the set point.
Control of Homeostasis
When a change occurs outside an animal&#39;s environment, an adjustment must be made. The receptor senses the change in the environment, then sends a signal to the control center (in most cases, the brain) which in turn generates a response that is signaled to an effector. The effector is a muscle (that contracts or relaxes), or a gland that secretes. These signals and responses are controlled by unconscious autonomic feedback loops. Negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback loops push the organism further out of homeostasis but may be necessary for life functions. Thus, homeostasis is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems of mammals.
Setpoint
It is possible to adjust a system&#39;s set point. When this happens, the feedback loop works to maintain the new setting. An example of this is blood pressure: over time, the normal or set point for blood pressure can increase as a result of continued increases in blood pressure. The body no longer recognizes the elevation as abnormal, and no attempt is made to return to the lower set point. The result is a regular higher blood pressure that can harm the body. Medication can lower blood pressure and reduce the set point in the system to a more healthy level. This is known as a process of alteration of the set point in a feedback loop.
Changes can be made in a group of body organ systems to maintain a set point in another system. This is called acclimatization. This occurs, for instance, when an animal migrates to a higher altitude than that to which it was originally accustomed. In order to adjust to the lower oxygen levels at a higher altitude, the body increases the number of red blood cells circulating in the blood to ensure adequate oxygen delivery to the tissues. As another example of acclimatization, some animals have seasonal changes in their coats: a heavier coat in the winter ensures adequate heat retention, and a lighter coat in the summer assists in keeping body temperature from rising to harmful levels.
This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/33-3-homeostasis">Openstax, Biology 2e, Section 33.3: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/33-3-homeostasis">Homeostasis</a>

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis (&#34;steady state&#34;). Examples ...

Education

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Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

feedback loops in body balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment.

Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift.

These control systems are important in many parts of biology. They help explain how the body responds to change and how certain processes stay balanced or move toward a clear outcome.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

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Levels of Organization in the Human Body

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functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

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requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

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regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Explore how negative and positive feedback help maintain body balance and homeostasis. Learn how these control loops change responses in biology.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

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Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

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Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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