Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

The human body needs various factors, such as food, oxygen, and water, as well as a safe range of physical conditions, including body temperature and atmospheric pressure for survival.
Food is digested into nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. These nutrients provide energy and are essential for human growth and development.&#160;
Oxygen helps to produce the energy required for different physiological functions, through oxidative reactions. Without oxygen, the body can survive for only a few minutes.
Water is a part of various biochemical reactions within the body and provides a medium for various processes, such as body secretions. It must be restored regularly to compensate for the water lost through sweating or urination.
A body temperature of approximately 36 to 37 &#176;C is required for the enzymes that drive biochemical reactions. Temperatures higher or lower than this range disrupt these reactions.
The atmospheric pressure exerted on the body keeps the gasses within it dissolved. At conditions such as high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure drops,affecting breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

requirements for human life

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a high-and-steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.
Nutrients
A nutrient is a substance in foods and beverages essential to human survival. The three basic classes of nutrients are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients&#8211; vitamins and minerals.
The most critical nutrient is water. The body&#39;s functional chemicals are dissolved and transported in water, and the chemical reactions of life take place in water. Moreover, water is the most significant component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells and water makes up about 70 percent of an adult&#39;s body mass.
The energy-yielding nutrients are primarily carbohydrates and lipids, while proteins supply the amino acids that are the body&#39;s building blocks. Humans ingest these in plant and animal foods and beverages, and the digestive system breaks them down into molecules small enough to be absorbed. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are also called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.
The micronutrients participate in many essential chemical reactions and processes, such as nerve impulses, and some, such as calcium, also contribute to the body&#39;s structure. The body can store some of the micronutrients in its tissues and draw on those reserves if they are missed in the diet for a few days or weeks. Some other micronutrients, such as vitamin C and most of the B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored; as a result, they need to be consumed regularly in a balanced amount.
Narrow Range of Temperature
The chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only occur within a narrow body temperature range, from just below to just above 37&#176;C (98.6&#176;F). When the body temperature rises well above or below normal, certain proteins (enzymes) that facilitate chemical reactions lose their normal structure and their ability to function, and the chemical reactions of metabolism cannot proceed.
However, the body can respond effectively to short-term exposure to heat or cold. One of the body&#39;s responses to heat is, sweating. As sweat evaporates from the skin, it removes some thermal energy from the body, cooling it.
The body can also respond effectively to short-term exposure to cold. One response to cold is shivering, which is a random muscle movement that generates heat.
Narrow Range of Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure does more than just keep blood gases dissolved. The ability to breathe also depends upon precise atmospheric pressure. Altitude sickness occurs because the atmosphere at high altitudes exerts less pressure, reducing the exchange of these gases, and causing shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.
This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a>

The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Unit 1

Introduction to the Human Body

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

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Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

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Arizona Science Standards

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Human Survival Needs in the Body

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