Name: complex ions: metal and ligand stability
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

يعتمد استقرار المجمعات المعدنية على طبيعة أيون المعدن المركزي والروابط المرفقة.
لذلك ، فإن الأيونات الصغيرة ذات الشحنة الموجبة العالية على المعدن تجذب العديد من الروابط بقوة لتشكيل مجمعات مستقرة.
تصنف أيونات المعادن على أنها معادن من الفئة أ وفئة ب.
تشكل معادن الفئة أ مثل القلويات والأرض القلوية والمعادن من السلسلة الانتقالية الأولى مجمعات مستقرة مع روابط تحتوي على النيتروجين أو الأكسجين أو الفلور كذرات مانحة على غيرها.
في حين أن الفئة ب ، مثل المعادن من السلسلة الانتقالية الثانية والثالثة ، تشكل مجمعات مستقرة مع روابط تحتوي على الكبريت ، أو الكلور كذرات مانحة.
تضعف الروابط الضخمة الرابطة المعدنية والترابط بسبب العوائق الفراغية وتزعزع استقرار المجمع.
بدلا من ذلك ، تشكل الروابط المخلبية حلقات مكونة من خمسة أو ستة أعضاء مع المركز المعدني ، وتشكل مجمعات أكثر استقرارا.
علاوة على ذلك ، تشكل الروابط الدورية التي تحتوي على ثلاثة مواقع مانحة أو أكثر مجمعات عالية الثبات بسبب التأثير الحلقي الكبير.

التوازنات المعقدة: العوامل المؤثرة على استقرار المركبات

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في تفاعلات التعقيد، تكون الكاتيونات المعدنية هي متقبلات زوج الإلكترونات، والربيطات هي الجهات المانحة لزوج الإلكترونات. يعتمد استقرار المجمعات المعدنية بشكل أساسي على القدرة المعقدة لأيون المعدن المركزي وطبيعة الروابط. بشكل عام، تعتمد قدرة التعقيد لأيون المعدن على حجم الأيون وشحنته. ومع زيادة حجم أيون المعدن، يتناقص استقرار المعقدات المعدنية، بشرط أن يظل تكافؤ أيون المعدن والروابط كما هو. ومن ناحية أخرى، مع زيادة الشحنة على أيون المعدن، يزداد استقرار المجمعات.
يتم تصنيف أيونات المعادن إلى فئتين (أ) و (ب) بناءً على روابطها المفضلة، وعلى وجه التحديد، الروابط الموصوفة من حيث الأحماض والقواعد الناعمة أو الصلبة. تحتوي القواعد الناعمة على ذرات مانحة قابلة للأكسدة بسهولة مع قابلية استقطاب عالية وسالبية كهربية منخفضة، بينما تحتوي القواعد الصلبة على ذرات مانحة تظهر قابلية استقطاب منخفضة وسالبية كهربية عالية. يتم تصنيف أيونات المعادن الأصغر حجمًا والأكثر شحنًا ذات المدارات الخارجية غير المشبعة على أنها الفئة أ وتفضل الارتباط بالقواعد الصلبة. في المقابل، يتم تصنيف الأيونات المعدنية الأكبر حجمًا والأقل شحنًا أو غير المشحونة ذات المدارات الخارجية المملوءة على أنها فئة ب وتفضل التعقيد مع القواعد الناعمة. فيما يتعلق بتأثيرات الروابط على استقرار المجمعات، تميل الروابط الأصغر حجمًا والأكثر شحنًا إلى تكوين مجمعات أكثر استقرارًا، في حين تميل الروابط الأكبر إلى تكوين مجمعات أقل استقرارًا بسبب تأثيرات التنافر الاستاتيكي. يمكن للرابطات ذات المدارات p أو d الشاغرة أن تشكل روابط pi مع أيونات معدنية معينة، والتي بدورها تُظهر سلوك الترابط الخلفي تجاه الربيطة، وكلاهما يعمل على تثبيت المجمع بشكل أكبر.

يعتمد استقرار المجمعات المعدنية على طبيعة أيون المعدن المركزي والروابط المرفقة.
لذلك ، الأيونات الصغيرة ذات الشحنة الموجبة العالية على ...

complexation-equilibria-factors-influencing-stability-of-complexes

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

الكيمياء التحليلية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Chemical Equilibria

الاتزان الكيميائي

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

complex ions: metal and ligand stability

Complex ions form when a metal cation accepts electron pairs from ligands, which are the electron pair donors. The stability of these metal complexes depends mainly on the metal ion and on the ligands attached to it.

The metal ion’s size and charge play a major role in stability. As the size of the metal ion increases, complex stability usually decreases when the valency of the metal ion and the ligands stays the same. As the charge on the metal ion increases, complex stability increases.

Metal ions are also grouped into Class A and Class B based on the ligands they prefer. This preference is described using the idea of hard and soft acids and bases. Soft bases have donor atoms that are easily oxidized, highly polarizable, and low in electronegativity. Hard bases have donor atoms with low polarizability and high electronegativity.

Smaller, more highly charged metal ions with unsaturated outer orbitals are Class A ions. They usually bind to hard bases. In contrast, larger metal ions with lower charge or no charge and filled outer orbitals are Class B ions, and they tend to complex with soft bases.

Ligands also affect stability through their size and bonding ability. Smaller ligands with a higher charge usually form more stable complexes. Larger ligands can form less stable complexes because steric repulsion, or crowding, makes binding less favorable.

Some ligands with vacant p or d orbitals can form pi bonds with certain metal ions. These ligands can also take part in back bonding. Both effects help stabilize the complex further.

Complex Ions: Metal and Ligand Stability

ionic strength: overview

Ionic Strength in Salt and Acid Solutions

Ionic strength describes the total electrolyte concentration in a solution. It is a quantitative measure of how many ions are present and how strongly they contribute to the solution. The concept was introduced in 1921 by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall while they were describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. To calculate ionic strength, written as I or μ, both cations and anions are included. The concentration of each ion matters, but the charge number z matters even...

ionic strength: effects on chemical equilibria

ionic-strength-effects-on-chemical-equilibria

Salt Effect on Salt Solubility

Salt effect can change the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water. When an inert ionic compound is added, the dissolved salt may become more soluble. A common example is potassium nitrate added to a saturated calcium sulfate solution, which increases the amount of calcium sulfate that dissolves. Le Châtelier’s principle does not explain this shift well. Instead, the change is described by the effective concentration of ions in solution. Each ion is surrounded by an ionic atmosphere,...

thermodynamics: chemical potential and activity

thermodynamics-chemical-potential-and-activity

Chemical Potential in Solution Activity

Chemical potential and activity describe how a species behaves in a solution. Activity is the effective concentration of a species. It accounts for the electrolytes near that species and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Activity is calculated as molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient. This makes it a more precise way to describe a species in solution than concentration alone. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is also defined more accurately using activity...

thermodynamics: activity coefficient

Activity Coefficient in Ionic Solutions

Activity coefficient in ionic solutions describes how much a species behaves like its measured concentration. Activity is the effective concentration of a solute in solution. It equals the molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient, which is a unitless number. The activity coefficient depends on the total ionic strength of the solution. It shows how far a solution is from ideal behavior. When ionic strength is very low, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to...

chemical equilibria: redefining equilibrium constant

chemical-equilibria-redefining-equilibrium-constant

Salt Effect in Equilibrium Constant Calculations

Salt effect changes how a sparingly soluble salt dissolves when an inert salt is added. The size of this effect depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Ionic strength reflects how strongly the ions in the solution interact. In solution, the activity of a species is the product of its concentration and its activity coefficient. A redefined equilibrium constant must account for these activity effects when the ionic strength is moderately high. This form is also called the thermodynamic...

factors affecting activity coefficient

How Ionic Strength Changes Activity Coefficient

The activity coefficient of an ion in water depends on ionic strength, ion charge, and ion size. The extended Debye-Hückel equation describes these effects for aqueous solutions at 25°C. These three factors are partly linked, so changes in one can influence the others. When a solution has almost zero ionic strength, the activity coefficient is close to one. That means the solution behaves almost ideally. As ionic strength rises from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, the activity coefficient usually drops.

chemical equilibria: systematic approach to equilibrium calculations

chemical-equilibria-systematic-approach-to-equilibrium-calculations

Equilibrium Calculations with Mass and Charge

Chemical equilibrium calculations become easier when they are organized around mass balance and charge balance. This approach is useful for systems with multiple equilibria, where several reactions must be considered together. It is especially helpful when finding the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water with a common ion present. The first step is to identify every chemical reaction in the system. Next, write the equilibrium constant expression for each reaction. These expressions...

acid&#8211;base equilibria: activity-based definition of ph

acidbase-equilibria-activity-based-definition-of-ph

How Ionic Strength Changes pH

pH depends on hydrogen ion activity, not just hydrogen ion concentration. In an ideal solution, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. In a non-ideal solution, a more accurate pH uses hydrogen ion activity, which combines concentration with an activity coefficient. This difference matters most in very low ionic strength solutions, such as pure water. At first, the hydrogen ion activity coefficient is close to one. When an electrolyte that does not donate or accept a...

ladder diagrams: acid&#8211;base equilibria

Using Ladder Diagrams to Predict pH

Ladder diagrams help show how acid-base equilibria change with pH. They are graphical tools that make the chemistry of a system easier to read during analysis. In a ladder diagram, the vertical axis shows pH. Horizontal bars, or steps, place the pKa values in the system.

ladder diagrams: redox equilibria

Redox Potential Shifts in Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams show redox equilibrium using electrochemical potential, E, as the vertical scale. They help students see how changes in concentration affect which species is most stable. The areas of predominance are set with the Nernst equation. A useful example is the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates. At potentials more negative than +0.771 V, Fe2+ predominates. Ladder diagrams also show...

ladder diagrams: complexation equilibria

Reading Metal-Ligand Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams help show equilibria in metal-ligand complexes. In these diagrams, the vertical scale shows pL, or the concentration of free ligand that has not reacted. The horizontal lines mark the log of formation constants and show which species is dominant in each region. For the Cd and ammonia system, the formation constant K1 for Cd(NH3)2+ is 3.55 × 10^2. Its log value is 2.55, so pNH3 = 2.55 is the dividing line between Cd2+ and Cd(NH3)2+ dominance. Above 2.55, Cd2+ is the predominant...

solubility equilibria: overview

How Solubility Reaches Equilibrium

Solubility equilibrium describes what happens when a sparingly soluble salt dissolves in water and then reaches a balance with the solid left over. In a saturated solution, dissolved ions and the undissolved solid are in dynamic equilibrium. The process is reversible, so this topic is also called precipitation equilibrium. This balance matters in real life. Sugar-rich foods can produce organic acids that dissolve hydroxyapatite, the mineral in tooth enamel, which can lead to tooth decay. A...

solubility equilibria: ionic product of water

solubility-equilibria-ionic-product-of-water

Water Ionization and Kw in Equilibrium

Water ionization and the ionic product of water describe how pure water reaches equilibrium. Water is a weak electrolyte, so only a small amount breaks into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. At a fixed temperature, the amount of undissociated water stays almost constant. Because of this, the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration. It is written as K w . The square root of K w gives the concentration of each ion in pure water.

complexation equilibria: overview

Stepwise Metal-Ligand Complexation

Stepwise metal-ligand complexation forms coordination compounds when metal ions and ligands share electrons through dative, or coordinate covalent, bonds. In these reactions, the metal ion binds to one or more ligands until its coordination number is reached. This number tells how many bonds form between the metal ion and the ligands. In aqueous solution, many metal ions are already surrounded by water molecules. These species are called aqua complexes. Complexation reactions are described by...

complexation equilibria: the chelate effect

complexation-equilibria-the-chelate-effect

Chelating Ligands and Metal Complex Stability

Metal complexes form when metal atoms or cations interact with ligands in a complexation reaction. These donor-acceptor adducts are central to understanding how metal ions bind in chemistry. Ligands can bind in different ways. A monodentate ligand uses one donor site. A bidentate ligand uses two donor sites, and a polydentate ligand uses more than two. Ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms and forms a five-membered ring. Polydentate ligands can...

complexation equilibria: factors influencing stability of complexes

Complex ions form when a metal cation accepts electron pairs from ligands, which are the electron pair donors. The stability of these metal complexes depends mainly on the metal ion and on the ligands attached to it. The metal ion’s size and charge play a major role in stability. As the size of the metal ion increases, complex stability usually decreases when the valency of the metal ion and the ligands stays the same. As the charge on the metal ion increases, complex stability increases. <br...

redox equilibria: overview

Redox Electron Transfer and Half-Reactions

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. In this type of reaction, electrons are not shared between atoms. They move from the species that loses them to the species that gains them. The species that loses electrons is the reducing agent, also called the reductant. It is oxidized during the reaction. The species that gains electrons is the oxidizing agent, or oxidant, and it is reduced. Redox reactions are often written as two half-reactions. One...

titrimetric methods: types and commonly used strategies

titrimetric-methods-types-and-commonly-used-strategies

Direct, Back, and Displacement Titrations

Titrimetric methods use a standard solution to measure the amount of an analyte in chemistry. The main categories are volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric methods. Each one reaches the endpoint in a different way. In volumetric titrations, the key measurement is the volume of a titrant with a known concentration. The titrant is added until it reacts completely with the analyte. In gravimetric titrations, the standard solution forms an insoluble precipitate with the analyte. That solid is...

classification of titrimetric analysis based on reaction types

classification-of-titrimetric-analysis-based-on-reaction-types

Four Reaction Types in Titrimetric Analysis

Titrimetric analysis measures solution volume and is also called volumetric analysis. A standard solution with a known concentration is placed in the burette and is called the titrant. The solution with an unknown concentration in the flask is the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analysis is grouped into four types based on the reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Acid-base titrations involve a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. This reaction forms water molecules.

key terms and concepts

Explore how metal ion size, charge, hard and soft bases, ligand size, and back bonding affect the stability of complex ions in chemistry.

Complex Ions: Metal and Ligand Stability | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Complex Ions: Metal and Ligand Stability

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