Non-mitochondrial Ocr
Non-mitochondrial Ocr - Related Videos
02:59
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics
0 Views •
2020
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
08:40
An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
0 Views •
Cited by 38 •
2016
The study of metabolism is becoming increasingly relevant to immunological research. Here, we present an optimized method for measuring glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration in mouse splenocytes, and T and B lymphocytes.
05:53
Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
0 Views •
Cited by 11 •
2018
This protocol aims to describe a method to examine the Ca2+ retention capacity and Ca2+- triggered mitochondrial swelling of isolated mitochondria of SH-SY5Y cells step-by-step.
09:45
Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle
0 Views •
Cited by 47 •
2011
This protocol describes a procedure to study the respiration of mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscles. This method was adapted from Scorrano et al. (2007). The mitochondrial isolation procedure requires about 2 hours. The mitochondrial respiration can be completed in about 1 hour.
02:16
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes
0 Views •
2020
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
FAQs
These inhibitors help separate oxygen use by mitochondria from oxygen use by other cellular systems. Rotenone suppresses mitochondrial complex I, while antimycin A suppresses complex III. Once mitochondrial electron transport is blocked, the oxygen consumption that remains can be analyzed as a separate residual signal rather than being attributed to mitochondrial respiration.
Residual oxygen consumption may arise from oxidases, peroxidases, and other oxygen-utilizing reactions outside the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Their combined activity produces the non-mitochondrial signal, although the assay does not necessarily identify each contributor individually. This distinction helps researchers interpret oxygen flux as a composite measure of extra-mitochondrial oxygen use.
Mitochondrial respiration is the portion of oxygen consumption suppressed when mitochondrial complexes are inhibited, whereas non-mitochondrial OCR is the portion that persists afterward. Comparing these components prevents the entire cellular oxygen signal from being interpreted as mitochondrial activity. The distinction is especially important when cells show altered metabolism or responses to experimental treatments.
A flux assay measures cellular oxygen consumption and then applies mitochondrial inhibitors, typically rotenone and antimycin A. The post-inhibition reading is treated as the residual OCR. Comparing this value with the pre-inhibition profile allows researchers to distinguish oxygen consumption associated with mitochondrial electron transport from oxygen use that continues through other cellular reactions.
Changes in residual OCR indicate that oxygen-consuming processes outside mitochondrial electron transport have changed. The signal can therefore support investigations of oxidative stress, drug responses, and disease-related metabolic remodeling. Because it represents combined activity from several oxygen-utilizing reactions, interpretation should focus on changes in the overall non-mitochondrial component rather than automatically assigning the signal to one pathway.
This measurement is useful whenever researchers need to interpret a cellular respiration profile more precisely. It provides context for separating mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial oxygen use during studies of oxidative stress, pharmacological responses, or disease-associated metabolic changes. Accounting for the residual component can improve comparisons between experimental conditions and clarify which portion of an OCR change is mitochondrial.