Positive End Expiratory Pressure
Positive End Expiratory Pressure - Related Videos
09:10
The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation
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Cited by 6 •
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Here, based on a clinician’s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in addition to a clinical, functional assessment methodology, including details for further encouragement of the development of non-drug surgical intervention strategies in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, we only present the effect of LBPP training in improvement of pain and knee function in one patient through three-dimensional gait analysis. The...
07:26
Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Cited by 5 •
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The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.
07:06
Positive Reinforcement Studies
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2023
Researchers study learning of a behavior through the use of operant conditioning. This type of learning involves associating the behavior with a consequence, which is a reward or punishment. If the consequence is a reward, it leads to reinforcement of the desired behavior. One type of reinforcement approach is positive reinforcement, where the behavior is rewarded with an artificial, natural, or social reinforcer. Studies using positive reinforcement as a tool can help tease out important...
02:32
Position-effect Variegation
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2020
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
02:34
Vapor Pressure
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2020
When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
FAQs
Positive end-expiratory pressure can increase functional residual capacity by preserving aerated lung regions after exhalation. This reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse between breaths and maintains more available surface for gas exchange. The resulting improvement in oxygenation depends on how effectively the pressure keeps vulnerable regions open without producing excessive distension elsewhere.
The beneficial effect of PEEP is not unlimited. Increasing airway pressure may improve aeration and oxygenation, but excessive pressure can overdistend alveoli, reduce venous return, and impair hemodynamics. Clinicians therefore weigh the oxygenation benefit against cardiovascular and lung-related consequences rather than treating a higher pressure as automatically better.
PEEP can reduce venous return by increasing pressure within the ventilated thoracic system. Reduced venous return may contribute to impaired hemodynamics, particularly when the pressure needed to preserve aeration also places greater stress on circulation. This interaction makes cardiovascular effects an important part of evaluating whether the selected level is appropriate.
Patients may differ in how much alveolar collapse, impaired aeration, or pressure-related harm they experience. Individualized selection allows clinicians to pursue improved oxygenation while limiting overdistension and circulatory effects. This balance is especially relevant when mechanical ventilation is used for acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, or anesthesia-related atelectasis.
Adjustment begins with the clinical goal of preserving aerated lung regions and improving oxygenation. Clinicians then balance that goal against signs of alveolar overdistension, reduced venous return, and impaired hemodynamics. Because the appropriate setting depends on the patient and condition, PEEP adjustment forms part of individualized ventilator management rather than a fixed universal procedure.
PEEP is adjusted during mechanical ventilation for conditions in which maintaining open, aerated lung regions may support gas exchange. The overview identifies acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, and anesthesia-related atelectasis as important examples. In these settings, the technique is relevant because alveolar collapse can compromise oxygenation and respiratory support may be necessary.
The main intended outcome is improved oxygenation through preservation of aerated lung regions and better gas exchange. Evaluation must also include possible adverse effects, including alveolar overdistension, reduced venous return, and impaired hemodynamics. Considering both types of outcome helps clinicians determine whether the adjustment provides a favorable balance for the individual patient.