Valve Abnormalities
Valve Abnormalities - Related Videos
10:51
Cardiac Exam III: Abnormal Heart Sounds
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2023
Source: Suneel Dhand, MD, Attending Physician, Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Having a fundamental understanding of normal heart sounds is the first step toward distinguishing the normal from the abnormal. Murmurs are sounds that represent turbulent and abnormal blood flow across a heart valve. They are caused either by stenosis (valve area too narrow) or regurgitation (backflow of blood across the valve) and are commonly heard as a "swishing" sound during auscultation.
02:23
Abnormal Proliferation
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2021
Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
02:23
Abnormal Proliferation
0 Views •
2023
Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
08:55
Isolation and Characterization of Primary Rat Valve Interstitial Cells: A New Model to Study Aortic Valve Calcification
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Cited by 17 •
2017
This protocol describes the isolation, culture, and calcification of rat-derived valve interstitial cells, a highly physiological in vitro model of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Exploitation of this rat model facilitates CAVD research in exploring the cell and molecular mechanisms that underlie this complex pathological process.
01:16
Heart Valves
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2025
The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves. The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
FAQs
Stenosis restricts forward blood flow, requiring the heart to work against increased resistance. Regurgitation allows blood to move backward when the valve does not close completely, reducing the efficiency of forward circulation. Because these defects challenge flow in different ways, they can alter cardiovascular performance through distinct pressure or volume effects within the heart.
A narrowed valve can make it harder for blood to pass through, contributing to increased pressure in the chamber that must drive flow across the obstruction. Incomplete closure permits backward leakage, which can increase the amount of blood handled by a chamber. These pressure and volume changes help explain why valve defects can impair cardiac performance.
The affected valve determines where disrupted flow occurs within the heart and helps clinicians interpret its consequences. Evaluation therefore aims not only to recognize that a valve is abnormal, but also to identify which valve is involved and determine the severity of the defect. That information supports decisions about monitoring or treatment.
Assessment combines the patient’s medical history with a physical examination and echocardiography. These approaches provide complementary information for recognizing a possible valve problem, identifying the affected valve, and assessing severity. When the initial evaluation requires additional detail, clinicians may also use advanced imaging to support a more complete clinical assessment.
Echocardiography helps clinicians examine the heart valves and evaluate how a suspected defect affects cardiac function. In the clinical assessment described here, it contributes to identifying the affected valve and determining the severity of the abnormality. Those findings can guide decisions about continued monitoring, medication, catheter-based intervention, or surgery.
Management is guided by the clinical evaluation, including the affected valve and the assessed severity of its abnormality. Depending on those findings, care may involve monitoring, medication, a catheter-based intervention, or surgical repair or replacement. The overall purpose is to address the defect appropriately and help prevent heart failure and other complications.