Anesthetic Agents
Anesthetic Agents - Related Videos
01:23
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications
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2023
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine. Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
11:27
Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Cited by 5 •
2016
This protocol describes the preparation and characterization of a dendrimeric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that carries cyclen-based macrocyclic chelates coordinating paramagnetic gadolinium ions. In a series of MRI experiments in vitro, this agent produced an amplified MRI signal when compared to the commercially available monomeric analogue.
10:19
Reducing Agents
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2023
Source: Vy M. Dong and Daniel Kim, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA Controlling the reactivity and selectivity during the synthesis of a molecule is very important criteria for chemists. This has led to the development of many reagents that allow chemists to pick and choose reagents suitable for a given task. Quite often, a balance between reactivity and selectivity needs to be achieved. This experiment will use IR spectroscopy to monitor the reaction and to...
14:52
Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Cited by 11 •
2018
Simultaneous magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography provides a useful tool to search for common and distinct macro-scale mechanisms of reductions in consciousness induced by different anesthetics. This paper illustrates the empirical methods underlying the recording of such data from healthy humans during N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-(NMDA)-receptor-antagonist-based anesthesia during inhalation of nitrous oxide and xenon.
01:20
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview
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2024
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
FAQs
They modify signaling in the central or peripheral nervous system through effects on ion channels and neurotransmitter pathways. These changes can suppress pain transmission or reduce the neural activity associated with awareness, movement, or memory. The particular signaling effects help explain why agents may differ in their clinical actions and why pharmacological selection matters for each procedure.
The three categories are selected according to the extent and type of neural function that must be modified. Local and regional approaches can focus effects within peripheral or regional pathways, whereas general approaches may affect broader functions such as awareness and responsiveness. This distinction allows clinicians to match anesthetic action with procedural requirements and pain-control goals.
Clinicians compare onset, duration, potency, and adverse effects when evaluating anesthetic agents. Onset influences how quickly the desired effect develops, while duration helps align the effect with the procedure. Potency informs pharmacological selection, and adverse-effect profiles guide safer use. Together, these properties support individualized choices rather than treating all agents as interchangeable.
Combining or choosing among local, regional, and general approaches can address different procedural needs, including pain transmission, awareness, movement, or memory. Pharmacology provides a framework for balancing these intended effects with onset, duration, potency, and adverse effects. The resulting plan can support effective pain management while reducing unnecessary exposure to an unsuitable anesthetic strategy.
Selection begins with the procedure’s need for pain control and the desired changes in sensation, awareness, responsiveness, movement, or memory. Clinicians then consider the agent’s onset, duration, potency, and adverse effects, while planning appropriate monitoring. This process connects pharmacological properties with the practical requirements of the intervention and the goal of safer dosing.
Monitoring should include cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological responses because anesthetic effects can influence these systems. Observing these responses helps clinicians evaluate safety while maintaining the intended control of pain, awareness, or responsiveness. In pharmacology, such monitoring links the agent’s effects and adverse-effect profile to real-time decisions about continued use and patient care.