External Factors
External Factors - Related Videos
01:20
Externalities
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2025
Externalities are unintended side effects of economic activities that impact third parties who are not directly involved in the market transaction. They can have positive or negative effects that can influence society and the environment in various ways. Positive Externalities Positive externalities occur when a market activity produces benefits for others without those beneficiaries having to pay for it. Examples include: Education: When individuals receive an education, society benefits...
01:11
Work Done on a System by External Force
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2023
The work done by an external force on a particle changes its kinetic energy. However, internal forces must also be considered for a system of interacting particles. The potential energy formulation helps formulate the effect of internal forces. The net work done by an external force can be written in terms of the total change of mechanical energy, which includes both kinetic and potential energies. In the presence of a non-conservative opposing force, like friction, some part of the work done...
01:23
Negative Externalities
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2025
A negative externality occurs when an economic transaction imposes unintended costs on third parties who are not directly involved in the market transaction. These external costs are not captured in the market price. Negative Externalities and Market Failure Consider a chemical manufacturing plant that produces industrial chemicals for sale. The plant's private costs include raw materials, labor, equipment, and maintenance, which are reflected in the market price of the chemicals. However,...
01:20
Positive Externalities
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2025
Positive externalities occur when the actions of an individual or business engaging in a market exchange unintentionally benefit third parties who are not involved in the transaction. A common example is education. When people pursue higher education, they not only gain personal knowledge and skills that benefit their future earnings but also society as a whole, which benefits from an educated workforce that leads to increased productivity and innovation across the economy. In economic terms,...
12:42
Pelvic Exam I: Assessment of the External Genitalia
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2023
Source: Alexandra Duncan, GTA, Praxis Clinical, New Haven, CT Tiffany Cook, GTA, Praxis Clinical, New Haven, CT Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT The pelvic exam can feel invasive to patients, so it is important to do everything possible to make patients feel comfortable and empowered, rather than vulnerable. Clinicians should be aware of how they are communicating, both verbally and nonverbally, and should give their patients...
FAQs
Social learning changes behavior when people observe and acquire patterns from others, while reinforcement strengthens or weakens behavior through its consequences. Together, these processes help explain why the same person may respond differently across settings or relationships. They are especially relevant when psychologists examine motivation, development, education, and workplace behavior.
Stress responses provide a pathway through which difficult situations can affect psychological functioning. Changes in the surrounding situation may influence attention, emotional regulation, and decision-making, rather than acting only as background conditions. Studying these responses helps psychologists connect environmental pressures with mental health and behavior without attributing every outcome solely to individual characteristics.
Cultural norms establish shared expectations about appropriate behavior, emotional expression, and social interaction. Those expectations can shape how people interpret situations, regulate feelings, choose among options, and respond to others. Comparing behavior across cultural contexts helps psychologists identify which patterns may reflect social surroundings rather than stable individual characteristics.
Psychologists consider whether a change in thinking, feeling, or behavior appears across situations or mainly under particular environmental, social, or situational conditions. Examining development, relationships, education, mental health, or workplace behavior through this distinction clarifies how personal characteristics and context may each contribute to an observed outcome.
A study can begin by identifying the relevant environmental, social, or situational influence, then examining its relationship to outcomes such as attention, motivation, decision-making, or emotional regulation. Researchers can interpret those outcomes within the surrounding context and consider whether the pattern helps separate contextual effects from individual characteristics.
The framework applies across developmental research, mental health, education, relationships, and workplace behavior. In each area, psychologists can ask how surrounding conditions influence motivation, attention, emotional regulation, or decisions. This broad use makes contextual analysis valuable for understanding behavior in both everyday settings and structured environments.
Identifying influential surroundings can guide the design of interventions, policies, and environments intended to promote well-being and adaptive behavior. Instead of focusing only on changing the individual, psychologists can consider whether social expectations, situational conditions, or environmental pressures should also be addressed. This approach connects psychological explanation with practical changes in settings.