covalent-binding-bmp-2-on-surfaces-using-self-assembled-monolayer

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

University of Heidelberg

Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems at Stuttgart

Cell-extracellular matrix (cell-ECM) interactions mediated by integrin receptors are essential for providing positional and environmental information necessary for many cell functions, such as proliferation, differentiation and survival. In vitro studies on cell adhesion to randomly adsorbed molecules on substrates have been limited to sub-micrometer patches, thus preventing the detailed study of structural arrangement of integrins and their ligands. In this article, we illustrate the role of the distance between integrin ligands, namely the RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) sequence present in ECM proteins, in the control of cell adhesion. By using substrates, which carry cyclic RGD peptides arranged in highly defined nanopatterns, we investigated the dynamics of cell spreading and the molecular composition of adhesion sites in relation to a fixed spacing between the peptides on the surface. Our novel approach for in vitro studies on cell adhesion indicates that not only the composition, but also the spatial organization of the extracellular environment is important in regulating cell-ECM interactions.

Lateral spacing of integrin ligands influences cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly.

Cell interactions with adhesive surfaces play a vital role in the regulation of cell proliferation, viability, and differentiation, and affect multiple biological processes. Since cell adhesion depends mainly on the nature and density of the adhesive ligand molecules, spatial molecular patterning, which enables the modulation of adhesion receptor clustering, might affect both the structural and the signaling activities of the adhesive interaction. We herein show that cells plated on surfaces that present a molecularly defined spacing gradient of an integrin RGD ligand can sense small but consistent differences in adhesive ligand spacing of about 1 nm across the cell diameter, which is approximately 61 mum when the spacing includes 70 nm. Consequently, these positional cues induce cell polarization and initiate cell migration and signaling. We propose that differential positional clustering of the integrin transmembrane receptors is used by cells for exploring and interpreting their environment, at high spatial sensitivity.

Induction of cell polarization and migration by a gradient of nanoscale variations in adhesive ligand spacing.

The activation of well-defined numbers of integrin molecules in predefined areas by adhesion of tissue cells to biofunctionalized micro-nanopatterned surfaces was used to determine the minimum number of activated integrins necessary to stimulate focal adhesion formation. This was realized by combining micellar and conventional e-beam lithography, which enabled deposition of 6 nm large gold nanoparticles on predefined geometries. Patterns with a lateral spacing of 58 nm and a number of gold nanoparticles, ranging from 6 to 3000 per adhesive patch, were used. For Î±(v) Î²(3)-integrin activation, gold nanoparticles were coated with c(-RGDfK-)-thiol peptides, and the remaining glass surface was passivated to prevent non-specific protein adsorption and cell adhesion. Results show that focal adhesion formation is dictated by the underlying hierarchical nanopattern. Adhesive patches with side lengths of 3000 nm and separated by 3000 nm, or with side lengths of 1000 nm and separated by 1000 nm, containing approximately 3007 Â± 193 or 335 Â± 65 adhesive gold nanoparticles, respectively, induced the formation of actin-associated, paxillin-rich focal adhesions, comparable in size and shape to classical focal adhesions. In contrast, adhesive patches with side lengths of 500, 250 or 100 nm, and separated from adjacent adhesive patches by their respective side lengths, containing 83 Â± 11, 30 Â± 4, or 6 Â± 1 adhesive gold nanoparticles, respectively, showed a significant increase in paxillin domain length, caused by bridging the pattern gap through an actin bundle in order to mechanically, synergistically strengthen each single adhesion site. Neither paxillin accumulation nor adhesion formation was induced if less than 6 c(-RGDfK-)-thiol functionalised gold nanoparticles per adhesion site were presented to cells.

Cell interactions with hierarchically structured nano-patterned adhesive surfaces.

Bone extracellular matrix consists of a network of proteins in which growth factors, like bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), are embedded and released upon matrix turnover and degradation. Recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 shows promise in enhancing bone fracture repair, although issues regarding finding a suitable delivery system still limit its extensive clinical use. The aim of this study is to determine which cell activities are triggered by the presentation of immobilized rhBMP-2. For this purpose gold surfaces were first decorated with a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a hetero-bifunctional linker. rhBMP-2 was covalently bound to the surfaces via this linker and used to investigate the cellular responses of C2C12 myoblasts. We show that covalently immobilized rhBMP-2 (iBMP-2) initiates short-term signaling events. Using a BMP-responsive reporter gene assay and western blotting to monitor phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 we prove that iBMP-2 activates BMP-dependent signal transduction. Furthermore, we demonstrate that iBMP-2 suppresses myotube formation and promotes the osteoblast phenotype in C2C12 cells. The bioactivity of surface-bound rhBMP-2 presented in this study is not due to its release into the medium. As such, our simple approach paves the way for the controlled local presentation of immobilized growth factors, limiting degradation while still maintaining biological activity.

Surface immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 via a self-assembled monolayer formation induces cell differentiation.

A plethora of work has been dedicated to the analysis of cell behavior on substrates with ordered topographical features. However, the natural cell microenvironment is characterized by biomechanical cues organized over multiple scales. Here, randomly rough, self-affinefractal surfaces are generated out of silicon,where roughness Ra and fractal dimension Df are independently controlled. The proliferation rates, the formation of adhesion structures, and the morphology of 3T3 murine fibroblasts are monitored over six different substrates. The proliferation rate is maximized on surfaces with moderate roughness (Ra ~ 40 nm) and large fractal dimension (Df ~ 2.4); whereas adhesion structures are wider and more stable on substrates with higher roughness (Ra ~ 50 nm) and lower fractal dimension (Df ~ 2.2). Higher proliferation occurson substrates exhibiting densely packed and sharp peaks, whereas more regular ridges favor adhesion. These results suggest that randomly roughtopographies can selectively modulate cell behavior.

Article	Year
Lateral spacing of integrin ligands influences cell spreading and focal adhesion assembly. European journal of cell biology\| PubMed ID: 16546564	2006
Induction of cell polarization and migration by a gradient of nanoscale variations in adhesive ligand spacing. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 18558788	2008
Cell interactions with hierarchically structured nano-patterned adhesive surfaces. Soft matter\| PubMed ID: 21686049	2009
Surface immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 via a self-assembled monolayer formation induces cell differentiation. Acta biomaterialia\| PubMed ID: 22040684	2012
Selective modulation of cell response on engineered fractal silicon substrates. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 23492898	2013

Elisabetta A. Cavalcanti-Adam

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