a-procedure-for-implanting-organized-arrays-microwires-for-single

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

In vivo electrophysiological recordings in the awake, behaving animal provide a powerful method for understanding neural signaling at the single-cell ...

building-an-open-source-robotic-stereotaxic-instrument

Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for ...

Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey

A virus was isolated from the brains of pigeons suffering from nervous disorders in different localities of the Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The new isolate caused a high morbidity, ranging from 33% to 50%, and a mortality rate which reached 40%. The virus produced pinpoint greyish pock lesions on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated hens' eggs and induced syncytial formation followed by rounding and lysis of the cells in chicken embryo fibroblast cultures. Virus infectivity was significantly reduced following treatment by 20% ether or chloroform. The isolated virus was identified as pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus by serum-neutralization, agar gel diffusion and fluorescent antibody staining techniques.

Isolation of pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus in Saudi Arabia.

Celo virus infection in chickens: clinical and serological response to experimental and accidental infection.

Duality of salience in dopamine neurons.

Cocaine addiction is characterized as a chronically relapsing disorder. It is believed that cues present during self-administration become learned and increase the probability that relapse will occur when they are confronted during abstinence. However, the way in which relapse-inducing cues are interpreted by the user has remained elusive. Recent theories of addiction posit that relapse-inducing cues cause relapse habitually or automatically, bypassing processing information related to the consequences of relapse. Alternatively, other theories hypothesize that relapse-inducing cues produce an expectation of the drug's consequences, designated as goal-directed relapse. Discrete discriminative stimuli signaling the availability of cocaine produce robust cue-induced responding after thirty days of abstinence. However, it is not known whether cue-induced responding is a goal-directed action or habit.

Evidence for habitual and goal-directed behavior following devaluation of cocaine: a multifaceted interpretation of relapse.

Neurons that fire in relation to licking, in the ventral part of the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), were studied during acquisition and performance of a licking task in rats for 14 sessions (2 h/d). Task learning was indicated by fewer errors of omission of licking and improved movement efficiency (i.e., shorter lick duration) over sessions. Number of licks did not change over sessions. Overtraining did not result in habit formation, as indicated by similar reductions of licking responses following devaluation by satiety in both early and late sessions. Twenty-nine lick neurons recorded and tracked over sessions exhibited a significant linear decrease in average firing rate across all neurons over sessions, correlating with concurrent declines in lick duration. Individually, most neurons (86%) exhibited decreased firing rates, while a small proportion (14%) exhibited increased firing rates, during lick movements that were matched over sessions. Reward manipulations did not alter firing patterns over sessions. Aside from the absence of habit formation, striatal processing during unconditioned movements (i.e., licking) was characterized by high activity of movement-related neurons during early performance and decreased activity of the same neurons during overtraining, similar to our previous report of head movement neurons during acquired, skilled, instrumental head movements that ultimately became habitual (Tang et al., 2007). Decreased activity in DLS neurons may reflect a common neural mechanism underlying improvement in movement efficiency with overtraining. Nonetheless, the decreased striatal firing in relation to a movement that did not become habitual demonstrates that not all DLS changes reflect habit formation.

Decreased firing of striatal neurons related to licking during acquisition and overtraining of a licking task.

Les neurones qui le feu en ce qui concerne les l&eacute;cher, dans la partie ventrale du striatum dorso-lat&eacute;rale (DLS), ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tudi&eacute;s pendant l&#39;acquisition et l&#39;ex&eacute;cution d&#39;une mission de l&eacute;chage chez le rat pour 14 s&eacute;ances (2 h/j). Apprentissage de la t&acirc;che a &eacute;t&eacute; indiqu&eacute;e par moins d&#39;erreurs d&#39;omission de l&eacute;chage et am&eacute;lior&eacute; efficacit&eacute; de mouvement (i.e., dur&eacute;e plus courte de la l&eacute;cher) au cours de s&eacute;ances. Nombre de plans n&#39;a pas chang&eacute; au cours des s&eacute;ances. Surentra&icirc;nement n&#39;a pas entra&icirc;n&eacute; dans la formation de l&#39;habitude, comme l&#39;indiquent des r&eacute;ductions similaires de l&eacute;cher les r&eacute;ponses apr&egrave;s la d&eacute;valuation de sati&eacute;t&eacute; en d&eacute;but et en fin de s&eacute;ances. Vingt-neuf l&eacute;cher neurones consign&eacute;es et suivies au cours de s&eacute;ances pr&eacute;sentaient une diminution lin&eacute;aire significative moyenne taux de tir dans l&#39;ensemble de tous les neurones au cours de s&eacute;ances, corr&eacute;lation avec la baisse concomitante dur&eacute;e de l&eacute;cher. Individuellement, neurones la plupart (86 %) pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s une diminution taux de mise &agrave; feu, alors qu&#39;une petite proportion (14 %) montrent des taux de tir accrue, lors de mouvements de l&eacute;cher qui correspondaient au cours de s&eacute;ances. Manipulations de r&eacute;compense n&#39;alt&eacute;r&egrave;rent pas les sch&eacute;mas de mise &agrave; feu au cours de s&eacute;ances. Mis &agrave; part l&#39;absence de formation de l&#39;habitude, striatales traitement durant les mouvements inconditionn&eacute;es (i.e., l&eacute;chage) a &eacute;t&eacute; caract&eacute;ris&eacute;e par la forte activit&eacute; des neurones associ&eacute;s au mouvement durant l&#39;ex&eacute;cution de d&eacute;but et de diminution de l&#39;activit&eacute; des neurones m&ecirc;mes pendant le surentra&icirc;nement, semblable &agrave; notre pr&eacute;c&eacute;dent rapport des neurones du mouvement de la t&ecirc;te au cours des mouvements de t&ecirc;te acquises, qualifi&eacute;s et instrumentales qui est finalement devint habituelle (Tang et al.,) 2007. Diminution de l&#39;activit&eacute; dans les neurones DLS peut refl&eacute;ter une am&eacute;lioration sous-jacente commune de m&eacute;canisme neuronal en efficacit&eacute; de mouvement avec le surentra&icirc;nement. N&eacute;anmoins, le striatum une diminution de tir par rapport &agrave; un mouvement qui n&#39;est pas devenue habituel montre que pas toutes les modifications DLS refl&egrave;tent formation d&#39;habitude.

Tir une diminution des neurones striataux associ&eacute;s &agrave; l&eacute;cher pendant l&#39;acquisition et le surentra&icirc;nement d&#39;une t&acirc;che de l&eacute;cher.

I neuroni che fuoco in relazione a leccare, nella parte ventrale dello striato dorsolateral (DLS), sono stati studiati durante l&#39;acquisizione e le prestazioni di un compito di leccare in ratti per 14 sessioni (2 h/d). Apprendimento attivit&agrave; &egrave; stato indicato da meno errori di omissione di leccare e migliorata efficienza di movimento (cio&egrave;, leccare durata pi&ugrave; breve) in sessioni. Numero di lecca non cambia in sessioni. Sovrallenamento non si traducesse in formazione di abitudine, come indicato da simili riduzioni di leccare le risposte dopo la svalutazione da saziet&agrave; in sessioni sia precoce e tardiva. Ventinove leccare neuroni registrato e monitorato in sessioni esposta una significativa diminuzione lineare media tasso di infornamento attraverso tutti i neuroni in sessioni, correlando con ribassi simultanee in durata di leccare. Singolarmente, la maggior parte dei neuroni (86%) esposti sono diminuiti tassi di infornamento, mentre una piccola percentuale (14%) esposte cottura aumento tassi, durante i movimenti di fraseggio che sono stati abbinati in sessioni. Manipolazioni di ricompensa non alterava modelli di cottura sopra le sessioni. A parte l&#39;assenza di formazione di abitudine, striatal elaborazione durante movimenti incondizionati (cio&egrave;, leccare) fu caratterizzato da alta attivit&agrave; dei neuroni legati al movimento durante le prime prestazioni e ridotto l&#39;attivit&agrave; dei neuroni stessi durante il sovrallenamento, simile alla nostra precedente relazione dei neuroni del movimento della testa durante movimenti del capo acquisiti, abili, strumentali che in definitiva &egrave; diventato abituale (Tang et al,) 2007. Una ridotta attivit&agrave; in neuroni DLS pu&ograve; riflettere un miglioramento sottostante meccanismo neurale comune nell&#39;efficienza di movimento con il sovrallenamento. Tuttavia, la diminuzione striatal sparando in relazione a un movimento che non &egrave; diventato abituale dimostra che non tutte le modifiche DLS riflettono la formazione di abitudine.

&Egrave; diminuito di infornamento dei neuroni striatali correlati a leccare durante l&#39;acquisizione e sovrallenamento di un compito di leccare.

The rat dorsolateral striatum (DLS) has been implicated in habit formation. Previous studies in our laboratory found that as animals acquired a motor habit or remained goal-directed, tested by reward devaluation, the vast majority of DLS neurons decreased firing rates during the same responses over training days. However, mixed results have been reported in the literature regarding whether DLS neurons exhibit cue reactivity. In the present study, we reanalyzed a sample of DLS neurons in a task in which habitual behavior was acquired (dataset of Tang et al., 2007 [45]) and found that somatic sensorimotor as well as nonsomatomotor neurons of the DLS exhibited no cue-evoked firing. A second sample of DLS neurons related to licking in a task in which goal-directed behavior occurred (dataset of Tang et al., 2009 [46]) was also reanalyzed for cue-evoked correlates. Although behavior was cue guided, lick neurons did not exhibit cue-evoked firing. Given the complete absence of cue-related firing during habitual or goal-directed behavior, adaptations in DLS firing patterns may be regulated by movement-related learning rather than nonsomatosensory cues, consistent with convergent S1 and M1 afferents to the region. Striatal cue reactivity in the rat, is likely mediated within the dorsomedial and ventromedial striatum, in line with associative and limbic afferents to these regions, respectively.

Absence of cue-evoked firing in rat dorsolateral striatum neurons.

Le striatum dorso-lat&eacute;rale du rat (DLS) a &eacute;t&eacute; impliqu&eacute; dans la formation d&#39;habitude. Des &eacute;tudes ant&eacute;rieures dans notre laboratoire constat&eacute; que comme animaux acquis une habitude moteur ou restait cibl&eacute;, test&eacute; par la d&eacute;valuation de la r&eacute;compense, la grande majorit&eacute; des neurones DLS diminuait plages de puissance pendant les m&ecirc;mes r&eacute;ponses au cours de journ&eacute;es de formation. Cependant, des r&eacute;sultats mitig&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; signal&eacute;s dans la litt&eacute;rature au sujet de savoir si les neurones DLS pi&egrave;ce rep&egrave;re r&eacute;activit&eacute;. Nous r&eacute;-analys&eacute;s dans la pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude, un &eacute;chantillon des neurones DLS dans une t&acirc;che o&ugrave; comportement habituel a &eacute;t&eacute; acquise (dataset de Tang et al., 2007 [45]) et trouv&eacute; que somatique sensorimotrice ainsi que les neurones de la DLS nonsomatomotor ne montraient aucun tir &eacute;voqu&eacute;e par le rep&egrave;re. Un second &eacute;chantillon de neurones DLS associ&eacute;s &agrave; l&eacute;cher dans une t&acirc;che dans laquelle le comportement cibl&eacute; s&#39;est produite (dataset de Tang et al., 2009 [46]) a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;galement r&eacute;-analys&eacute; pour corr&eacute;lats &eacute;voqu&eacute;e par le rep&egrave;re. Bien que le comportement &eacute;tait cue guid&eacute;, l&eacute;cher les neurones ne montrent pas &eacute;voqu&eacute;e par le rep&egrave;re tir. Compte tenu de l&#39;absence totale de mise &agrave; feu cue li&eacute;es au comportement habituel ou cibl&eacute;, adaptations DLS modes de tir pourraient &ecirc;tre r&eacute;glement&eacute;es par d&#39;apprentissage concernant le mouvement plut&ocirc;t que des indices nonsomatosensory, compatibles avec des aff&eacute;rences S1 et M1 convergents vers la r&eacute;gion. R&eacute;activit&eacute; cue striatale chez le rat, est probablement v&eacute;hicul&eacute;e au sein du dorsom&eacute;dian et le striatum ventrom&eacute;dian, conform&eacute;ment aux associatifs et limbiques aff&eacute;rents &agrave; ces r&eacute;gions, respectivement.

Absence de mise &agrave; feu dans les neurones du striatum dorsolat&eacute;ral rat &eacute;voqu&eacute;e par le rep&egrave;re.

Il ratto dorsolateral striato (DLS) &egrave; stato implicato nella formazione di abitudine. Precedenti studi nel nostro laboratorio trovano che come animali ha acquisito un&#39;abitudine motore o &egrave; rimasto obiettivo-diretto, testato da svalutazione di ricompensa, la stragrande maggioranza dei neuroni DLS diminuiti tassi di infornamento durante le stesse risposte nei giorni di allenamento. Tuttavia, risultati contrastanti sono stati riportati in letteratura per quanto riguarda sia i neuroni DLS esibiscono cue reattivit&agrave;. Nel presente studio, abbiamo nuovamente analizzato un campione di neuroni DLS in un compito in cui comportamento abituale &egrave; stato acquisito (dataset di Tang et al., 2007 [45]) e trovato che somatico sensomotorio oltre a neuroni nonsomatomotor il DLS non esposto cottura cue-evocato. Un secondo campione di neuroni DLS relativi a leccare in un compito in cui comportamento obiettivo-diretto si &egrave; verificato (dataset di Tang et al., 2009 [46]) era anche nuovamente analizzato per correla cue-evocati. Anche se il comportamento era cue guidate, leccare i neuroni non hanno esibito cottura cue-evocati. Data la completa assenza di infornamento correlati a stecca durante il comportamento abituale o obiettivo-diretto, adattamenti in DLS cottura modelli potrebbero essere regolamentati dal apprendimento legati al movimento, piuttosto che nonsomatosensory spunti, coerenti con afferenze S1 e M1 convergenti nella regione. Reattivit&agrave; cue striatal nel ratto, &egrave; probabilmente mediata all&#39;interno del dorsomedial e striato ventromediale, in linea con le afferenze associativo e limbica per queste regioni, rispettivamente.

Assenza di infornamento cue-evocato in neuroni dorsolateral striato di ratto.

Little is known regarding the involvement of the ventral pallidum (VP) in cocaine-seeking behavior, in contrast with considerable documentation of the involvement of its major afferent, the nucleus accumbens, over the past thirty years utilizing electrophysiology, lesion, inactivation, molecular, imaging, and other approaches. The VP is neuroanatomically positioned to integrate signals projected from the nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. In turn, VP projects to thalamoprefrontal, subthalamic, and mesencephalic dopamine regions having widespread influence across mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal systems. Prior lesion studies have implicated VP in cocaine-seeking behavior, but the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying this behavior in the VP have not been investigated. In the present investigation, following 2 weeks of training over which animals increased drug intake, VP phasic activity comprised rapid-phasic increases or decreases in firing rate during the seconds prior to and/or following cocaine-reinforced responses, similar to those found in accumbens. As a population, the direction (increasing or decreasing) and magnitude of firing rate changes were normally distributed suggesting that ventral striatopallidal processing is heterogeneous. Since changes in firing rate around the cocaine-reinforced lever press occurred in animals that escalated drug intake prior to neuronal recordings, a marker of "addiction-like behavior" in the rat, the present experiment provides novel support for a role of VP in drug-seeking behavior. This is especially important given that pallidothalamic and pallidomesencephalic VP projections are positioned to alter dopaminoceptive targets such as the medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum, all of which have roles in cocaine self-administration.

Rapid phasic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self-administration.

The post-translational modification of proteins, including glycosylation, differs between normal and tumor cells. The UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-Tases) family of enzymes regulates the initial steps of mucin O-glycosylation and is responsible for the altered glycosylation state observed in cancer cells. Recently it was found that GalNAc-T14 mRNA is heterogeneously expressed in breast carcinomas compared to normal tissue, however the expression profile of GalNAc-T14 protein in breast carcinomas compared to normal tissue is still unknown. In this study, we assessed the expression profile of GalNAc-T14 protein in malignant and non-malignant breast tissues by immunohistochemistry to evaluate whether GalNAc-T14 might be a potential biomarker for breast cancer.

N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-14 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer by immunohistochemistry.

The motivational impetuses underlying self-administration of cocaine and other drugs of abuse are not fully understood. One emerging factor is affect. Both positive and negative affective states have been hypothesized to influence drug seeking and drug taking. In parallel, it has been posited that the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of Rattus norvegicus provide insight into the animals' affective reactions. Furthermore, it has been shown that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) plays a key role in cocaine self-administration and in USV production. Thus, affective processing as measured by rodent USVs likely coincides with cocaine self-administration, but to date has not been studied.

Dose-dependent differences in short ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by rats during cocaine self-administration.

It has been proposed that cocaine abuse results in skilled or "automatic" drug-taking behaviors. Brain regions important for skill learning are implicated in cocaine self-administration. However, the development of skill during self-administration has not been investigated.

Evidence for learned skill during cocaine self-administration in rats.

Ventral pallidal (VP) neurons exhibit rapid phasic firing patterns within seconds of cocaine-reinforced responses. The present investigation examined whether VP neurons exhibited firing rate changes: (1) over minutes during the inter-infusion interval (slow phasic patterns) and/or (2) over the course of the several-hour self-administration session (tonic firing patterns) relative to pre-session firing. Approximately three-quarters (43/54) of VP neurons exhibited slow phasic firing patterns. The most common pattern was a post-infusion decrease in firing followed by a progressive reversal of firing over minutes (51.16%; 22/43). Early reversals were predominantly observed anteriorly whereas progressive and late reversals were observed more posteriorly. Approximately half (51.85%; 28/54) of the neurons exhibited tonic firing patterns consisting of at least a two-fold change in firing. Most cells decreased firing during drug loading, remained low over self-administration maintenance, and reversed following lever removal. Over a whole experiment (tonic) timescale, the majority of neurons exhibited an inverse relationship between calculated drug level and firing rates during loading and post-self-administration behaviors. Fewer neurons exhibited an inverse relationship of calculated drug level and tonic firing rate during self-administration maintenance but, among those that did, nearly all were progressive reversal neurons. The present results show that, similar to its main afferent the nucleus accumbens, VP exhibits both slow phasic and tonic firing patterns during cocaine self-administration. Given that VP neurons are principally GABAergic, the predominant slow phasic decrease and tonic decrease firing patterns within the VP may indicate a disinhibitory influence upon its thalamocortical, mesolimbic, and nigrostriatal targets during cocaine self-administration.

Slow phasic and tonic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self-administration.

The ventral pallidum (VP) is necessary for drug-seeking behavior. VP contains ventromedial (VPvm) and dorsolateral (VPdl) subregions, which receive projections from the nucleus accumbens shell and core, respectively. To date no study has investigated the behavioral functions of the VPdl and VPvm subregions. To address this issue, we investigated whether changes in firing rate (FR) differed between VP subregions during four events: approaching toward, responding on, or retreating away from a cocaine-reinforced operandum and a cocaine-associated cue. Baseline FR and waveform characteristics did not differ between subregions. VPdl neurons exhibited a greater change in FR compared with VPvm neurons during approaches toward, as well as responses on, the cocaine-reinforced operandum. VPdl neurons were more likely to exhibit a similar change in FR (direction and magnitude) during approach and response than VPvm neurons. In contrast, VPvm firing patterns were heterogeneous, changing FRs during approach or response alone, or both. VP neurons did not discriminate cued behaviors from uncued behaviors. No differences were found between subregions during the retreat, and no VP neurons exhibited patterned changes in FR in response to the cocaine-associated cue. The stronger, sustained FR changes of VPdl neurons during approach and response may implicate VPdl in the processing of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior via projections to subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. In contrast, the heterogeneous firing patterns of VPvm neurons may implicate VPvm in facilitating mesocortical structures with information related to the sequence of behaviors predicting cocaine self-infusions via projections to mediodorsal thalamus and ventral tegmental area.

Differential roles of ventral pallidum subregions during cocaine self-administration behaviors.

Long Evans rats (n=32) were trained for 2 weeks to respond to an auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) which signaled the delivery of a 20% sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US) with varying probabilities. Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. In the control groups, the CS signaled sucrose delivery with equal probabilities across two weeks, at 100% (Group 100-100) and 25% (Group 25-25) respectively. In the experimental groups (Group 100-25) and (Group 25-100), sucrose probabilities were switched between weeks 1 and 2. Three behavioral measures were recorded: latency to enter the sucrose port upon CS presentation, head entries throughout the session and ultrasonic vocalizations. The results suggest that all groups formed associations between the CS and US, as evidenced by a decrease in latency to respond to the CS across days. The experimental groups were also able to detect when sucrose probability changed, as evidenced by Group 25-100's increase in head entries, to the level of Group 100-100 in week 2, and Group 100-25's decrease in head entries, to the level of Group 25-25 in week 2. Group 100-25 also produced an increase in "22 kHz" ultrasonic vocalizations following the downshift on the first day of week 2. The increase in this ultrasonic frequency range, which is associated with negative affect in rats, preceded both the decrease in head entries and the increase in missed trials, consistent with a multistage model of behaviors resulting from US probability reduction.

Effects of varying reinforcement probability on pavlovian approach behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations in rats.

Amphetamine elicits motoric changes by increasing the activity of central neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, but how these neurochemical signals are transduced into motor commands is unclear. The dorsolateral striatum (DLS), a component of the cortico-subcortical reentrant motor loop, contains abundant neurotransmitter transporters that amphetamine could affect. It has been hypothesized that DLS medium spiny neurons contribute to amphetamine's motor effects. To study striatal activity contributing to amphetamine-induced movements, activity of DLS neurons related to vertical head movement was recorded while tracking head movements before and after acute amphetamine injection. Relative to saline, all amphetamine doses induced head movements above pre-injection levels, revealing an inverted U-shaped dose-response function. Lower doses (1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) induced a greater number of long (distance and duration) movements than the high dose (4 mg/kg), which induced stereotypy. Firing rates (FR) of individual head movement neurons were compared before and after injection during similar head movements, defined by direction, distance, duration, and apex. Changes in FR induced by amphetamine were co-determined by dose and pre-injection FR of the neuron. Specifically, all doses increased the FRs of slower firing neurons but decreased the FRs of faster firing neurons. The magnitudes of elevation or reduction were greater at lower doses, but less pronounced at the high dose, forming an inverted U function. Modulation of DLS firing may interfere with sensorimotor processing. Furthermore, pervasive elevation of slow firing neurons' FRs may feed-forward and increase excitability in thalamocortical premotor areas, contributing to the increased movement initiation rate.

Amphetamine's dose-dependent effects on dorsolateral striatum sensorimotor neuron firing.

Human self-reports often indicate that changes in mood are a major contributor to drug relapse. Still, arguments have been made that instances of drug-seeking following abstinence in animal models (i.e. relapse/reinstatement) may be outside of hedonic control. Therefore, the present study utilized ultrasonic vocalizations in the rat in order to evaluate affect during cocaine self-administration and contextual reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in a pre-clinical model of drug relapse (abstinence-reinstatement model). Results show that while subjects effectively reinstated drug-seeking (lever pressing) following 30 days of abstinence, and spontaneously recovered/reinstated drug-seeking following 60 days of abstinence, ultrasonic vocalizations did not increase over baseline levels during either reinstatement session. These results are consistent with previous results from our laboratory and current theories of addiction suggesting that cues that are weakly associated with drug consumption can motivate drug-seeking behavior that is outside of hedonic processing.

Rat ultrasonic vocalizations demonstrate that the motivation to contextually reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior does not necessarily involve a hedonic response.

ArticleTotal : 2	Year
Publication title Cited by 7	2014
Publication title Cited by 17	2013

Article	Year
Isolation of pigeon herpes encephalomyelitis virus in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary research communications\| PubMed ID: 2994283	1985
Celo virus infection in chickens: clinical and serological response to experimental and accidental infection. Avian diseases\| PubMed ID: 4311860	1969
Duality of salience in dopamine neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 19628687	2009
Evidence for habitual and goal-directed behavior following devaluation of cocaine: a multifaceted interpretation of relapse. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 19779607	2009
Decreased firing of striatal neurons related to licking during acquisition and overtraining of a licking task. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 19890005	2009
Absence of cue-evoked firing in rat dorsolateral striatum neurons. Behavioural brain research\| PubMed ID: 20211654	2010
Rapid phasic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self-administration. Synapse (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 20340176	2010
N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-14 as a potential biomarker for breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. BMC cancer\| PubMed ID: 20356418	2010
Dose-dependent differences in short ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by rats during cocaine self-administration. Psychopharmacology\| PubMed ID: 20571780	2010
Evidence for learned skill during cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology\| PubMed ID: 21455708	2011
Slow phasic and tonic activity of ventral pallidal neurons during cocaine self-administration. Synapse (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 21953543	2012
Differential roles of ventral pallidum subregions during cocaine self-administration behaviors. The Journal of comparative neurology\| PubMed ID: 22806483	2013
Effects of varying reinforcement probability on pavlovian approach behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations in rats. Behavioural brain research\| PubMed ID: 23022752	2013
Amphetamine's dose-dependent effects on dorsolateral striatum sensorimotor neuron firing. Behavioural brain research\| PubMed ID: 23396149	2013
Rat ultrasonic vocalizations demonstrate that the motivation to contextually reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior does not necessarily involve a hedonic response. Addiction biology\| PubMed ID: 23506088	2013

Sisi Ma

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