analysis-of-oxidative-stress-in-zebrafish-embryos

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

University Of Torino

Dendritic cells (DCs) need activation for the priming of antigen-specific immune responses. Recently activated DCs were described to prime in vitro strong T helper cell type 1 (Th(1)) responses, whereas at later time points, the same cells preferentially prime Th(2) cells [Langenkemp, A. et al., Nat. Immunol. 1: 311-316, 2000]. Because the immune response against cancer strongly depends on CTLs of Th(1)-like phenotype (Tc(1)), we verified here whether the kinetics of DCs activation also impacted on in vivo priming of tumor-specific CTLs. After pulsing with the CTL epitope TRP-2(180-188), bone-marrow-derived DCs, exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h (8hDC), elicited a more powerful Tc(1) response in C57BL/6 mice than did untreated DCs, or DCs exposed to LPS for 48 h (48hDC). Indeed, 8hDCs were the most potent protective and therapeutic vaccine against B16 melanoma. Despite a higher expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules by 48hDCs, 8hDCs and 48hDCs showed comparable allostimulatory and migration potential, and susceptibility to CTL-mediated apoptosis. However, 8hDCs exhibited a significantly higher interleukin (IL)-12 production potential. Release of IL-12 was necessary to induce potent Tc(1) cells, because DCs from IL-12p40(-/-) mice, irrespective of their maturation level, generated low CTL responses, comparable with 48hDCs and 0hDCs from wild-type animals. Our data are relevant for the design of DC-based vaccines.

Critical impact of the kinetics of dendritic cells activation on the in vivo induction of tumor-specific T lymphocytes.

Dendritic cell activation kinetics and cancer immunotherapy.

Susceptibility of dendritic cells (DCs) to tumor-induced apoptosis reduces their efficacy in cancer therapy. Here we show that delivery within exponentially growing B16 melanomas of DCs treated ex vivo with nitric oxide (NO), released by the NO donor (z)-1-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA-NO), significantly reduced tumor growth, with cure of 37% of animals. DETA-NO-treated DCs became resistant to tumor-induced apoptosis because DETA-NO prevented tumor-induced changes in the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-xL; activation of caspase-9; and a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential. DETA-NO also increased DC cytotoxic activity against tumor cells and DC ability to trigger T-lymphocyte proliferation. All of the effects of DETA-NO were mediated through cGMP generation. NO and NO-generating drugs may therefore be used to increase the anticancer efficacy of DCs.

Nitric oxide confers therapeutic activity to dendritic cells in a mouse model of melanoma.

In the tumor-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model we followed the fate of the immune response against the SV40 large T antigen (Tag) selectively expressed in the prostate epithelium during the endogenous transformation from normal cells to tumors. Young (5-7-week-old) male TRAMP mice, despite a dim and patchy expression of Tag overlapping foci of mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, displayed a strong Tag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response after an intradermal injection of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC). This response was weaker than the one found in vaccinated wild-type littermates, and was characterized by a reduced frequency and avidity of Tag-specific CTL. Early DC vaccination also subverted the profound state of peripheral tolerance typically found in TRAMP mice older than 9-10 weeks. The DC-induced CTL response indeed was still detectable in TRAMP mice of 16 weeks, and was associated with histology evidence of reduced disease progression. Our findings suggest that tumor antigens are handled as self antigens, and peripheral tolerance is associated with in situ antigen overexpression and cancer progression. Our data also support a relevant role for DC-based vaccines in controlling the induction of peripheral tolerance to tumor antigens.

Peripheral T cell tolerance occurs early during spontaneous prostate cancer development and can be rescued by dendritic cell immunization.

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation influences the priming and polarization of T lymphocytes. We recently found that early activated DC (i.e. DC exposed to pro-maturation stimuli for 8 h) were more prone to prime in vivo a type-1 cytotoxic T cell (Tc1) response than DC exposed to pro-maturation stimuli for 48 h (48h-DC). We investigated whether 48h-DC, conversely, allowed the induction of Tc2 cells. Antigen-pulsed mouse bone-marrow-derived DC at any maturation stage, in the presence of exogenous IL-12, skewed in vitro naive CD8(+) T cells towards Tc1 cells, but 48h-DC most potently, in the presence of exogenous IL-4, favored the induction of Tc2 cells. In vivo, full maturation of DC promoted expansion of Tc2 and fall of Tc1 cells. Tc2 cells maintained a high cytolytic activity and produced significant amounts of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-beta. Our results indicate that polarization of naive CD8(+) T cells to Tc2 cells is dependent on the amount of time DC have been exposed to maturation stimuli, and might be favored in late and/or chronic phases of an immune response.

Prolonged exposure of dendritic cells to maturation stimuli favors the induction of type-2 cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of the cross talk between haematopoietic/immune cells and stromal cells, including the onset and resolution of inflammation, responses to infection, tissue remodelling and cancer. It is produced, among others, by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. IL-6 can interact with both membrane-bound and soluble forms of its ligand-binding receptor, the IL-6Ralpha, triggering signalling via dimerization of gp130, the signalling subunit of the IL-6 receptor complex. This leads to the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway and mainly culminates in the activation of the STAT3 transcription factor. Both IL-6 and STAT3 have recently emerged as main regulators of the differentiation and function of Th17 cells, via a positive feedback loop enhancing expression and/or activation of IL-6 itself, IL-17 and STAT3. Dysregulated IL-6 production and signalling are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, auto-immunity and cancer, and are the object of intense translational research as promising therapeutic targets.

IL-6, IL-17 and STAT3: a holy trinity in auto-immunity?

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Intrinsic plasticity of breast carcinoma cells allows them to undergo a transient and reversible conversion into mesenchymal cells to disseminate into distant organs, where they can re-differentiate to an epithelial-like status to form a cohesive secondary mass. The p130Cas scaffold protein is overexpressed in human ER+ and HER2+ breast cancer where it contributes to cancer progression, invasion and resistance to therapy. However, its role in regulating mesenchymal aggressive breast cancer cells remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and functional involvement of this adaptor protein in breast cancer cell plasticity. METHODS: We used silencing strategies and rescue experiments to evaluate phenotypic and biochemical changes from mesenchymal to epithelial traits in breast tumor cell lines. In the mouse A17 cell model previously related to mesenchymal cancer stem cells and basal-like breast cancer, we biochemically dissected the signaling pathways involved and performed functional in vivo tumor growth ability assays. The significance of the signaling platform was assessed in a human setting through the use of specific inhibitors in aggressive MDA-MB-231 subpopulation LM2-4175 cells. To evaluate the clinical relevance of the results, we analyzed publicly available microarray data from the Netherlands Cancer Institute and from the Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center. RESULTS: We show that p130Cas silencing induces loss of mesenchymal features, by downregulating Vimentin, Snail, Slug and Twist transcriptional factors, resulting in the acquirement of epithelial-like traits. Mechanistically, p130Cas controls Cyclooxygenase-2 transcriptional expression, which in turn contributes to p130Cas-dependent maintenance of mesenchymal phenotype. This cascade of events also compromises in vivo tumor growth through inhibition of cell signaling controlling cell cycle progression. c-Src and JNK kinases are sequential players in p130Cas/ Cyclooxygenase-2 axis and their pharmacological inhibition is sufficient to downregulate Cyclooxygenase-2 leading to an epithelial phenotype. Finally, in silico microarray data analysis indicates that p130Cas and Cyclooxygenase-2 concomitant overexpression predicts poor survival and high probability of breast tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these data identify a new p130Cas/Cyclooxygenase-2 axis as a crucial element in the control of breast tumor plasticity, opening new therapeutic strategies leading to inhibition of these pathways in aggressive breast carcinoma.

p130Cas/Cyclooxygenase-2 axis in the control of mesenchymal plasticity of breast cancer cells.

Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1 (FLVCR1) is a cell membrane heme exporter that maintains the balance between heme levels and globin synthesis in erythroid precursors. It was previously shown that Flvcr1-null mice died in utero due to a failure of erythropoiesis. Here, we identify Flvcr1b, a mitochondrial Flvcr1 isoform that promotes heme efflux into the cytoplasm. Flvcr1b overexpression promoted heme synthesis and in vitro erythroid differentiation, whereas silencing of Flvcr1b caused mitochondrial heme accumulation and termination of erythroid differentiation. Furthermore, mice lacking the plasma membrane isoform (Flvcr1a) but expressing Flvcr1b had normal erythropoiesis, but exhibited hemorrhages, edema, and skeletal abnormalities. Thus, FLVCR1b regulates erythropoiesis by controlling mitochondrial heme efflux, whereas FLVCR1a expression is required to prevent hemorrhages and edema. The aberrant expression of Flvcr1 isoforms may play a role in the pathogenesis of disorders characterized by an imbalance between heme and globin synthesis.

The mitochondrial heme exporter FLVCR1b mediates erythroid differentiation.

Myocarditis, often triggered by viral infection, may lead to heart auto-immunity and dilated cardiomyopathy. What determines the switch between disease resolution and progression is however incompletely understood. We show that pharmacological inhibition of STAT3, the main mediator of IL-6 signalling and of Th17-cell differentiation, protects mice from the development of Experimental Auto-immune Myocarditis reducing liver production of the complement component C3, and can act therapeutically when administered at disease peak. Further, we demonstrate that STAT3 is sufficient when constitutively active for triggering the onset of immune-mediated myocarditis, involving enhanced complement C3 production and IL-6 signalling amplification in the liver. Disease development can be prevented by C3 depletion and IL-6 receptor neutralization. This appears to be relevant to disease pathogenesis in humans, since acute myocarditis patients display significantly elevated circulating IL-6 and C3 levels and activated heart STAT3. Thus, aberrant IL-6/STAT3-mediated induction of liver acute phase response genes including C3, which occurs as a consequence of pre-existing inflammatory conditions, might represent an important factor determining the degree of myocarditis and its clinical outcome.

STAT3 activity is necessary and sufficient for the development of immune-mediated myocarditis in mice and promotes progression to dilated cardiomyopathy.

The transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3 has been considered as a potential anticancer target since its first description as an oncogene in 1999, recently leading to STAT3 inhibitors been brought to clinical trial for the treatment of solid tumors. However, the past 14 years of intense basic research have uncovered novel STAT3-mediated pathways that could affect the outcome of the designed therapies while at the same time help designing function-specific inhibitors. Particularly intriguing are the recent findings that suggest profound implications of STAT3 with the regulation of cellular metabolism in both canonical, that is transcriptional, and non-canonical ways. Here, after a short description of the main known features of STAT3 signaling and function, we review the recent literature on the role of STAT3 in regulating cellular metabolism and discuss the potential consequences on the therapeutic approaches currently under clinical experimentation.

Article	Year
Critical impact of the kinetics of dendritic cells activation on the in vivo induction of tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Cancer research\| PubMed ID: 12839960	2003
Dendritic cell activation kinetics and cancer immunotherapy. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)\| PubMed ID: 14978067	2004
Nitric oxide confers therapeutic activity to dendritic cells in a mouse model of melanoma. Cancer research\| PubMed ID: 15172982	2004
Peripheral T cell tolerance occurs early during spontaneous prostate cancer development and can be rescued by dendritic cell immunization. European journal of immunology\| PubMed ID: 15597325	2005
Prolonged exposure of dendritic cells to maturation stimuli favors the induction of type-2 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. European journal of immunology\| PubMed ID: 17111344	2006
IL-6, IL-17 and STAT3: a holy trinity in auto-immunity? Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)\| PubMed ID: 22652781	2012
p130Cas/Cyclooxygenase-2 axis in the control of mesenchymal plasticity of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer research : BCR\| PubMed ID: 23098208	2012
The mitochondrial heme exporter FLVCR1b mediates erythroid differentiation. The Journal of clinical investigation\| PubMed ID: 23187127	2012
STAT3 activity is necessary and sufficient for the development of immune-mediated myocarditis in mice and promotes progression to dilated cardiomyopathy. EMBO molecular medicine\| PubMed ID: 23460527	2013
STAT3 and metabolism: How many ways to use a single molecule? International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer\| PubMed ID: 24500994	2014

Annalisa Camporeale

Biography

JoVE Journal Publications

Other Publications