vaccinia-reporter-viruses-for-quantifying-viral-function-at-all

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA viruses that include active human pathogens such as monkeypox, molluscum contagiousum, and Contagalo virus. ...

Boston University School of Medicine

During mitosis, chromosome passenger complexes (CPCs) exhibit a well-conserved association with the anaphase spindle and have been implicated in spindle stability. However, their precise effect on the spindle is not clear. In this paper, we show, in budding yeast, that a CPC consisting of CBF3, Bir1, and Sli15, but not Ipl1, is required for normal spindle elongation. CPC mutants slow spindle elongation through the action of the bipolar kinesins Cin8 and Kip1. The same CPC mutants that slow spindle elongation also result in the enrichment of Cin8 and Kip1 at the spindle midzone. Together, these findings argue that CPCs function to organize the spindle midzone and potentially switch motors between force generators and molecular brakes. We also find that slowing spindle elongation delays the mitotic exit network (MEN)-dependent release of Cdc14, thus delaying spindle breakdown until a minimal spindle size is reached. We propose that these CPC- and MEN-dependent mechanisms are important for coordinating chromosome segregation with spindle breakdown and mitotic exit.

Chromosome passenger complexes control anaphase duration and spindle elongation via a kinesin-5 brake.

The genus Orthopoxviridae contains a diverse group of human pathogens including monkeypox, smallpox and vaccinia. These viruses are presumed to be less dependent on host functions than other DNA viruses because they have large genomes and replicate in the cytoplasm, but a detailed understanding of the host factors required by orthopoxviruses is lacking. To address this topic, we performed an unbiased, genome-wide pooled RNAi screen targeting over 17,000 human genes to identify the host factors that support orthopoxvirus infection. We used secondary and tertiary assays to validate our screen results. One of the strongest hits was heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the ancient master regulator of the cytoprotective heat-shock response. In investigating the behavior of HSF1 during vaccinia infection, we found that HSF1 was phosphorylated, translocated to the nucleus, and increased transcription of HSF1 target genes. Activation of HSF1 was supportive for virus replication, as RNAi knockdown and HSF1 small molecule inhibition prevented orthopoxvirus infection. Consistent with its role as a transcriptional activator, inhibition of several HSF1 targets also blocked vaccinia virus replication. These data show that orthopoxviruses co-opt host transcriptional responses for their own benefit, thereby effectively extending their functional genome to include genes residing within the host DNA. The dependence on HSF1 and its chaperone network offers multiple opportunities for antiviral drug development.

The master regulator of the cellular stress response (HSF1) is critical for orthopoxvirus infection.

The formation of protein-RNA granules is a part of both natural cellular function (P-bodies and nuclear HNRNPs) and the response to cellular stress (stress granules and ND10 bodies). To better understand the role of stress-induced granules in viral infection, we have studied the ability of cells to restrict poxvirus replication through the formation of antiviral granules (AVGs). Of cells infected with a wild-type poxvirus, a small number spontaneously formed AVGs. In these AVG-positive cells, viral gene expression was inhibited. The addition of compounds that altered RNA helicase activity, induced oxidative stress, or stimulated translation initiation factor phosphorylation significantly increased the number of AVG-positive cells. When AVGs formed, both viral translation and titers were decreased even when host translation persisted. Treatment with the antiviral compound isatin β-thiosemicarbazone (IBT), a compound that was used to treat smallpox infections, induced AVGs, suggesting a role for these structures in the pharmacological inhibition of poxvirus replication. These findings provide evidence that AVGs are an innate host response that can be exogenously stimulated to combat virus infection. Since small molecules are able to stimulate AVG formation, it is a potential target for new antiviral development.

Article	Year
Chromosome passenger complexes control anaphase duration and spindle elongation via a kinesin-5 brake. The Journal of cell biology\| PubMed ID: 21482719	2011
The master regulator of the cellular stress response (HSF1) is critical for orthopoxvirus infection. PLoS pathogens\| PubMed ID: 24516381	2014
Activation of stress response pathways promotes formation of antiviral granules and restricts virus replication. Molecular and cellular biology\| PubMed ID: 24662051	2014

Daniel K. Rozelle

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