a-preclinical-murine-model-of-hepatic-metastases

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Pyrosequencing is a highly effective method for quantitatively genotyping short genetic sequences, but it currently is hampered by a labor-intensive sample preparation process designed to isolate single-stranded DNA from double-stranded products generated by conventional PCR. Here linear-after-the-exponential (LATE)-PCR is introduced as an efficient and potentially automatable method of directly amplifying single-stranded DNA for pyrosequencing, thereby eliminating the need for solid-phase sample preparation and reducing the risk of laboratory contamination. These improvements are illustrated for single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping applications, including an integrated single-cell-through-sequencing assay to detect a mutation at the globin IVS 110 site that frequently is responsible for beta-thalassemia.

Direct amplification of single-stranded DNA for pyrosequencing using linear-after-the-exponential (LATE)-PCR.

&#x6458;&#x8981;&#xFF1A; &#x80F0;&#x817A;&#x764C; (PDA) &#x4ECD;&#x7136;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x75BE;&#x75C5; &#xFF1B;&#x8FEB;&#x5207;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x6CBB;&#x7597;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x524D;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x627F;&#x8BFA;&#x3002;&#x65E9;&#x671F;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x7684;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x8BD5;&#x9A8C;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x6FC0;&#x6D3B;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x67D0;&#x4E9B;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#x4E0E;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x8BC1;&#x636E;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x7684;&#x8BC1;&#x636E;&#x5373;&#x4F7F;&#x5728;&#x5176;&#x6700;&#x65E9;&#x9636;&#x6BB5;&#x5206;&#x754C;&#x7EBF;&#x5728; PDA&#x3001; &#x708E;&#x75C7;&#x7684;&#x590D;&#x6742;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x80F0;&#x817A;&#x764C;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x6210;&#x719F;&#x7684;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x6CBB;&#x7597; &#xFF1B;&#x7136;&#x800C;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECD;&#x7136;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x91CD;&#x5927;&#x6311;&#x6218;&#x3002;&#x672A;&#x6765;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5C06;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x4FA7;&#x91CD;&#x4E8E;&#x65B0;&#x578B; PDA &#x6297;&#x539F;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x548C;&#x9274;&#x5B9A;&#x591A;&#x4E2A;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x901A;&#x8DEF;&#x7684; PDA &#x80BF;&#x7624;&#x5FAE;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x5185;&#xFF0C;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x6709;&#x6548;&#x9488;&#x5BF9; PDA &#x7684;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x3002;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x5FEB;&#x901F;&#x8FDB;&#x5C55;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x3002;&#x5FEB;&#x901F;&#x7FFB;&#x8BD1;&#x6210;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x9A71;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x4E34;&#x5E8A;&#x8BD5;&#x9A8C;&#xFF0C;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x7EC4;&#x5408;&#x7684;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x5242;&#x6709;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x5C06;&#x7EE7;&#x7EED;&#x8F6C; procarcinogenic &#x80BF;&#x7624;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x8F6C;&#x5411;&#x6700;&#x5F3A;&#x6548;&#x6297;&#x764C;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x3002;

&#x80F0;&#x817A;&#x764C;&#x7684;&#x75AB;&#x82D7;&#x3002;

ABSTRACT: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a highly lethal disease; new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. A number of immunotherapies tested in preclinical models have shown promise. Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated evidence of immune activation that in some cases correlates with clinical response. Moreover, recent evidence delineates the intricate role of inflammation in PDA, even at its earliest stages. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is thus ripe for immunotherapy; however, significant challenges remain before success can be realized. Future studies will need to focus on the discovery of novel PDA antigens and the identification of the multiple immune suppressive pathways within the PDA tumor microenvironment that inhibit an effective PDA-targeted immune response. Technologies are now available to rapidly advance discovery. Rapid translation of new discoveries into scientifically driven clinical trials testing combinations of immune agents will likely continue to shift the procarcinogenic tumor environment toward the most potent anticancer response.

Vaccines for pancreatic cancer.

R&eacute;sum&eacute; : Ad&eacute;nocarcinome ductal pancr&eacute;atique (PDA) reste une maladie souvent mortelle ; nouvelles modalit&eacute;s th&eacute;rapeutiques sont n&eacute;cessaires d&#39;urgence. Un certain nombre d&#39;immunoth&eacute;rapies test&eacute;s dans les mod&egrave;les pr&eacute;cliniques ont montr&eacute; prometteur. Premiers essais cliniques ont d&eacute;montr&eacute; la preuve de l&#39;activation immunitaire qui, dans certains cas, est en corr&eacute;lation avec la r&eacute;ponse clinique. En outre, des donn&eacute;es r&eacute;centes d&eacute;limite le r&ocirc;le complexe de l&#39;inflammation dans le PDA, m&ecirc;me &agrave; ses premiers stades. Ad&eacute;nocarcinome ductal pancr&eacute;atique est donc venu d&#39;immunoth&eacute;rapie ; Toutefois, des d&eacute;fis importants demeurent avant le succ&egrave;s peut &ecirc;tre r&eacute;alis&eacute;. Les &eacute;tudes &agrave; venir devra se concentrer sur la d&eacute;couverte de nouveaux antig&egrave;nes PDA et d&#39;identifier les multiples voies suppressives immunitaires dans le microenvironnement de tumeur PDA qui inhibent la r&eacute;ponse immunitaire cibl&eacute;e PDA efficace. Il existe maintenant des techniques &agrave; rapidement d&eacute;couverte d&#39;advance. Traduction rapide de nouvelles d&eacute;couvertes pilot&eacute;es scientifiquement essais cliniques essais des combinaisons d&#39;agents immunitaires continuera probablement &agrave; changer l&#39;environnement de tumeur de procarcinogenic vers la r&eacute;ponse anticanc&eacute;reuse plus puissante.

Vaccins contre le cancer du pancr&eacute;as.

Zusammenfassung: Pankreas duktale Adenokarzinom (PDA) bleibt eine sehr t&ouml;dliche Krankheit; neue therapeutische Modalit&auml;ten sind dringend erforderlich. Eine Reihe von Immuntherapien in pr&auml;klinischen Modellen getestet haben Versprechen gezeigt. Fr&uuml;hphase klinische Studien haben Hinweise auf immun-Aktivierung gezeigt, die in einigen F&auml;llen mit klinischen Antwort korreliert. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus schildert den letzten Beweis die schwierige Rolle der Entz&uuml;ndung im PDA, sogar an seinen fr&uuml;hesten Stadien. Duktale Adenokarzinom Pankreas ist somit reif f&uuml;r Immuntherapie; bleiben jedoch erhebliche Herausforderungen bevor Erfolg realisiert werden kann. Zuk&uuml;nftige Studien m&uuml;ssen konzentrieren sich auf die Entdeckung der neue PDA-Antigene und die Identifizierung der mehrere immun unterdr&uuml;ckende Bahnen innerhalb der PDA Tumor Untersuchungsverfahren, die eine effektive PDA-gezielte Immunreaktion hemmen. Technologien stehen jetzt rasch voraus Entdeckung. Schnelle &Uuml;bersetzung von neuen Entdeckungen in wissenschaftlich betriebene klinische Studien testen Kombinationen von immun-Agenten werden wahrscheinlich weiterhin die Procarcinogenic Tumor-Umgebung in Richtung der potentesten Anti-Krebs-Antwort zu verlagern.

Impfstoffe f&uuml;r Bauchspeicheldr&uuml;senkrebs.

ABSTRACT: Adenocarcinoma duttale pancreatico (PDA) rimane una malattia altamente letale; nuove modalit&agrave; terapeutiche sono urgentemente necessari. Un certo numero di immunoterapie testati in modelli preclinici hanno dimostrato promessa. Studi clinici di fase in anticipo hanno dimostrato prove di attivazione immunitaria che in alcuni casi si correla con la risposta clinica. Inoltre, recenti evidenze delinea il ruolo dell&#39;infiammazione nel PDA, intricato anche alle sue prime fasi. Adenocarcinoma duttale del pancreas &egrave; cos&igrave; maturo per immunoterapia; sfide significative rimangono tuttavia prima di successo pu&ograve; essere realizzato. Gli studi futuri dovranno concentrarsi sulla scoperta di nuovi antigeni PDA e l&#39;identificazione dei pi&ugrave; immuni soppressivi percorsi entro il microambiente tumorale PDA che inibiscono un&#39;efficacia risposta immunitaria targeting per PDA. Tecnologie sono ora disponibili per la rapida individuazione di anticipo. Traduzione rapida di nuove scoperte in studi clinici scientificamente guidate test combinazioni di agenti immuni probabilmente continuer&agrave; a spostare l&#39;ambiente del tumore procarcinogenic verso la risposta antitumorale pi&ugrave; potente.

Vaccini per il cancro del pancreas.

&#x8981;&#x7D04;&#xFF1A; &#x81B5;&#x7BA1;&#x764C; (PDA) &#x306E;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x81F4;&#x547D;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x75C5;&#x6C17;&#x306E;&#x307E;&#x307E;;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x6CBB;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x304C;&#x7DCA;&#x6025;&#x306B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x3068;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x524D;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x30E2;&#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x306E;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x6570;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7D04;&#x675F;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x6BB5;&#x968E;&#x306E;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x8A66;&#x9A13;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3044;&#x304F;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x3067;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x306E;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3068;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x306E;&#x6D3B;&#x6027;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x8A3C;&#x62E0;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x8FD1;&#x306E;&#x8A3C;&#x62E0;&#x306E; PDA &#x306F;&#x3001;&#x708E;&#x75C7;&#x306E;&#x8907;&#x96D1;&#x306A;&#x5F79;&#x5272;&#x306F;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x306E;&#x6BB5;&#x968E;&#x3067;&#x3055;&#x3048; delineates &#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x81B5;&#x7BA1;&#x764C;&#x5F93;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x7642;&#x6CD5;&#x306E;&#x6A5F;&#x304C;&#x719F;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;;&#x305F;&#x3060;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x6210;&#x529F;&#x3092;&#x5B9F;&#x73FE;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x524D;&#x306B;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x306A;&#x8AB2;&#x984C;&#x306F;&#x6B8B;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x5C06;&#x6765;&#x306E;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x65B0;&#x898F; PDA &#x6297;&#x539F;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x898B;&#x3068;&#x52B9;&#x679C;&#x7684;&#x306A; PDA &#x3092;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30B2;&#x30C3;&#x30C8;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3092;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3001;&#x8907;&#x6570;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x6291;&#x5236;&#x7D4C;&#x8DEF;&#x5185; PDA &#x816B;&#x760D;&#x5FAE;&#x5C0F;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306E;&#x540C;&#x5B9A;&#x306B;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5FC5;&#x8981;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x304C;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306B;&#x4E8B;&#x524D;&#x306E;&#x767A;&#x898B;&#x306B;&#x5229;&#x7528;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x306A;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x514D;&#x75AB;&#x30A8;&#x30FC;&#x30B8;&#x30A7;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x7D44;&#x307F;&#x5408;&#x308F;&#x305B;&#x304C;&#x6700;&#x3082;&#x5F37;&#x529B;&#x306A;&#x6297;&#x764C;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x306B;&#x5411;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x3066; procarcinogenic &#x816B;&#x760D;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306E;&#x30B7;&#x30D5;&#x30C8;&#x7D9A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x79D1;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x99C6;&#x52D5;&#x306E;&#x81E8;&#x5E8A;&#x8A66;&#x9A13;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x65B0;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x767A;&#x898B;&#x306E;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306A;&#x7FFB;&#x8A33;&#x3002;

&#x81B5;&#x81D3;&#x764C;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x30EF;&#x30AF;&#x30C1;&#x30F3;&#x3002;

&#xAC1C;&#xC694;: &#xCDCC; &#xC7A5; ductal &#xC120; &#xC554; (PDA) &#xB0A8;&#xC544; &#xB9E4;&#xC6B0; &#xCE58;&#xBA85;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC9C8;&#xBCD1;; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xCE58;&#xB8CC; modalities &#xAE34;&#xAE09; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xD544;&#xC694; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; immunotherapies &#xC804; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xBAA8;&#xB378;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC57D;&#xC18D;&#xC744; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC654;&#xB2E4;. &#xCD08;&#xAE30; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xC2DC;&#xD5D8; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xC751;&#xB2F5;&#xC640; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xAC00; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xBA74;&#xC5ED; &#xD65C;&#xC131;&#xD654;&#xC758; &#xC99D;&#xAC70;&#xB97C; &#xC785;&#xC99D; &#xD588;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C;, &#xCD5C;&#xADFC; &#xC99D;&#xAC70;&#xB97C; &#xC790;&#xC0AC;&#xC758; &#xCD08;&#xAE30; &#xB2E8;&#xACC4; &#xC5D0;&#xC11C;&#xB3C4; PDA&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC5FC;&#xC99D;&#xC758; &#xBCF5;&#xC7A1; &#xD55C; &#xC5ED;&#xD560; &#xAD6C;&#xBD84;. &#xCDCC; &#xC7A5; ductal &#xC120; &#xC554;&#xC740; &#xC774;&#xB807;&#xAC8C; &#xC775;&#xC740; immunotherapy;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098;, &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C;&#xB3C4; &#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xC131;&#xACF5; &#xC2E4;&#xD604; &#xB420; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xB0A8;&#xC544; &#xC788;&#xB2E4;. &#xBBF8;&#xB798;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xC18C;&#xC124; PDA &#xD56D; &#xC6D0; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xBC0F; &#xACBD;&#xB85C;&#xC758; &#xC5EC;&#xB7EC; &#xBA74;&#xC5ED; &#xC9C4;&#xC555; PDA &#xC885;&#xC591; microenvironment &#xB0B4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xD6A8;&#xACFC;&#xC801;&#xC778; PDA &#xB300;&#xC0C1;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xBA74;&#xC5ED; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC744; &#xC5B5;&#xC81C; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC2DD;&#xBCC4;&#xC5D0; &#xCD08;&#xC810;&#xC744; &#xD574;&#xC57C; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xAE30;&#xC220;&#xC744; &#xC2E0;&#xC18D; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; &#xC0AC;&#xC804; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xC9C0;&#xAE08; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xACFC;&#xD559;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xAD6C;&#xB3D9;&#xB41C; &#xC784;&#xC0C1; &#xBA74;&#xC5ED; &#xC5D0;&#xC774;&#xC804;&#xD2B8; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC870;&#xD569;&#xC758; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xC774; procarcinogenic &#xC885;&#xC591; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xC744; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xAC15;&#xB825;&#xD55C; &#xD56D; &#xC554; &#xC81C; &#xBC18;&#xC751; &#xCABD;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xAC83;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0C8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC;&#xC758; &#xC2E0;&#xC18D;&#xD55C; &#xBC88;&#xC5ED;.

&#xCDCC;&#xC7A5;&#xC554; &#xBC31;&#xC2E0;&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Resumen: Adenocarcinoma ductal pancre&aacute;tica (PDA) sigue siendo una enfermedad altamente mortal; se necesitan urgentemente nuevas modalidades terap&eacute;uticas. Un n&uacute;mero de inmunoterapias probado en modelos precl&iacute;nicos han demostrado promesa. Ensayos cl&iacute;nicos de fase temprana han demostrado evidencia de la activaci&oacute;n inmune que en algunos casos se correlaciona con la respuesta cl&iacute;nica. Por otra parte, la evidencia reciente delinea el papel intrincado de la inflamaci&oacute;n en la PDA, incluso en sus primeras etapas. Adenocarcinoma ductal pancre&aacute;tica as&iacute; es madura para inmunoterapia; sin embargo, importantes retos siguen siendo antes de &eacute;xito puede ser observada. Estudios futuros deber&aacute;n centrarse en el descubrimiento de nuevos ant&iacute;genos de PDA y la identificaci&oacute;n de las m&uacute;ltiples v&iacute;as represivas inmunes en el microentorno del tumor de PDA que inhiben una inmunorespuesta eficaz orientada por PDA. Tecnolog&iacute;as ya est&aacute;n disponibles para el descubrimiento de avance r&aacute;pidamente. Traducci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida de nuevos descubrimientos en ensayos cl&iacute;nicos conducidos cient&iacute;ficamente pruebas combinaciones de agentes inmunes probablemente seguir&aacute; cambiar el entorno de tumor procarcinog&eacute;nicos hacia la respuesta contra el c&aacute;ncer m&aacute;s potente.

Vacunas para el c&aacute;ncer pancre&aacute;tico.

Cystic neoplasms of the liver: biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma.

Multidisciplinary clinic in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Reply: To PMID 23890842.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) is a rare disease with a poor prognosis which typically presents in the 6(th) decade of life. Of the 3,000 cases seen annually in the United States, less than one half of these tumors are resectable. A variety of risk factors have been associated with HC, most notably primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stone disease and parasitic liver disease. Patients typically present with abdominal pain, pruritis, weight loss, and jaundice. Computed topography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) are used to characterize biliary lesions. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) assess local ductal extent of the tumor while allowing for therapeutic biliary drainage. MRCP has demonstrated similar efficacies to PTC and ERCP in identifying anatomic extension of tumors with less complications. Treatment consists of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Biliary drainage of the future liver remnant should be performed to decrease bilirubin levels thereby facilitating future liver hypertrophy. Standard therapy consists of surgical margin-negative (R0) resection with extrahepatic bile duct resection, hepatectomy and en bloc lymphadenectomy. Local resection should not be undertaken. Lymph node invasion, tumor grade and negative margins are important prognostic indicators. In instances where curative resection is not possible, liver transplantation has demonstrated acceptable outcomes in highly selected patients. Despite the limited data, chemotherapy is indicated for patients with unresectable tumors and adequate functional status. Five-year survival after surgical resection of HC ranges from 10% to 40% however, recurrence can be as high as 50-70% even after R0 resection. Due to the complexity of this disease, a multi-disciplinary approach with multimodal treatment is recommended for this complex disease.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management.

Despite recent advances in earlier detection and improvements in chemotherapy, the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma remains poor. Immunotherapy is a potentially effective therapeutic approach to the treatment of colorectal carcinoma. Preclinical studies have supported the antitumor activity of immunization with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) producing murine colon tumor cell vaccine.

A Safety and Feasibility Study of an Allogeneic Colon Cancer Cell Vaccine Administered with a Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor-Producing Bystander Cell Line in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Prophylactic incisional negative-pressure wound therapy use after ventral hernia repairs (VHRs) remains controversial. We assessed the impact of a modified negative-pressure wound therapy system (hybrid-VAC or HVAC) on outcomes of open VHR.

Article	Year
Direct amplification of single-stranded DNA for pyrosequencing using linear-after-the-exponential (LATE)-PCR. Analytical biochemistry\| PubMed ID: 16540077	2006
Vaccines for pancreatic cancer. Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)\| PubMed ID: 23187853	2012
Cystic neoplasms of the liver: biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Journal of the American College of Surgeons\| PubMed ID: 24045144	2014
Multidisciplinary clinic in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of surgical oncology\| PubMed ID: 24318097	2014
Reply: To PMID 23890842. Journal of the American College of Surgeons\| PubMed ID: 24440072	2014
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: diagnosis, treatment options, and management. Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition\| PubMed ID: 24696835	2014
A Safety and Feasibility Study of an Allogeneic Colon Cancer Cell Vaccine Administered with a Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor-Producing Bystander Cell Line in Patients with ... Annals of surgical oncology\| PubMed ID: 24943235	2014
Novel wound management system reduces surgical site morbidity after ventral hernia repairs: a critical analysis. American journal of surgery\| PubMed ID: 25194761	2014

Kevin C. Soares

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