do-s-don-ts-cryo-electron-microscopy-primer-on-sample-preparation

Do's and Don'ts of Cryo-electron Microscopy: A Primer on Sample Preparation and High Quality Data Collection for Macromolecular 3D Reconstruction

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) entails flash-freezing a thin layer of sample on a support, and then visualizing the sample in its frozen hydrated state ...

Virginia Commonwealth University

A highly pure alpha-zein was extracted from corn flour using ethanol (95%). Subsequently, ion-exchange chromatography was performed, using SP-Sepharose that yielded a highly homogeneous protein. This protein migrated as a single band in 20% SDS-PAGE and in pH gradient gels, showing an isoelectric point of 6.8. Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed a single peak with a molecular mass of 24 535 Da. It was identified as Z19, when comparing the sequence obtained in an automatic Edman sequencer with the Swissprot database using BLAST. The molar extinction coefficient, determined by dry weight in 70% methanol, was 12 415.49 M(-1) cm(-1) at 280 nm. Light scattering showed its presence in a monodispersed state of 44-66 kDa aggregates in methanol (70%). Circular dichroism spectra allowed the estimation of an alpha-helix content that was lower than the one found for a mixture of two alpha-zeins but with a higher content of beta sheets.

Characterization of a 19 kDa alpha-zein of high purity.

Highly hydrophobic protein Z19 zein shows a tendency towards oligomerization. The role of temperature and pH on the oligomerization process was studied monitoring the secondary structure content and the appearance of aggregates by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy (CD) and Dinamic Light Scattering (DLS). Z19 zein suffers irreversible thermal denaturalization, as demonstrated by far-UV CD measurements. DLS data indicate that this denaturalization is accompanied by oligomerization processes which are strongly dependent on temperature. The aggregates that appear when the sample is heated maintain a certain amount of their native structure. Oligomers, showing high stability to temperature changes and other denaturing conditions with molecular weights of 45, 66 kDa and higher, were detected by SDS-PAGE. The secondary structure strongly depends on pH. Thus, at pH above pI (6.8), all the protein structure is in alpha helix. The formation of disulfide bonds plays an important role in the aggregation process, since most of the sulfhydryls in the protein (97.52%) form disulfide bonds and only 2.47% of them are free and superficially exposed. The sensitivity towards thermal denaturalization is also affected by pH rises.

Effect of temperature and pH on the secondary structure and processes of oligomerization of 19 kDa alpha-zein.

Different deamidation conditions for the Z19 alpha-zein were studied in order to find the best conditions for the development of the emulsifying properties. Alkaline deamidation was chosen, and the effects on the peptide bond cleavage, secondary structure, emulsifying properties, and surface hydrophobicity were studied. The Z19 alpha-zein was deamidated by using 0.5 N NaOH containing 70% ethanol at 70 degrees C for 12 h. A deamidation degree (DD) of 60.6 +/- 0.5%, and a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 5 +/- 0.5% were achieved. Analysis by far-UV circular dichroism showed that the denaturation was mainly promoted by the high temperature used during the incubation. The adequate balance between the DD and the DH results in an effective emulsifying property improvement for the Z19 alpha-zein. Thus, after the deamidation treatment, the surface hydrophobicity decreased from 9.5 x 104 +/- 6.8 x 103 to 46 x 104 +/- 2.1 x 103, and the emulsion stability increased from 18 +/- 0.7% to 80 +/- 4.7% since the oil globules stabilized by the modified protein were smaller (57.7 +/- 5.73 nm) and more resistant to coalescence than those present in the native protein emulsions (1488 +/- 3.92 nm).

Effect of alkaline deamidation on the structure, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsifying properties of the Z19 alpha-zein.

Zeins are the major storage proteins in corn seeds organized in protein bodies located in the endosperm. They are soluble in alcoholic solution and depict a high tendency to aggregation. The Z19 alpha-zein aggregates obtained by heating show a particular and interesting temperature-dependent behavior. This work was aimed at determining not only the effect of temperature on the aggregation behavior, but also the effect of the sulfhydryl groups and disulphide bonds on the thermal aggregation process under non-aqueous conditions. Z19 alpha-zein was chemically modified to obtain different sulfhydryl groups and disulphide-bonds content. Far-UV CD, ANS emission fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering, as well as differential scanning calorimetry, were performed to characterize this protein. Removal of these disulphide-bonds and alkylation of all the sulfhydryl groups in the protein promoted the lowest T(m) of 57.36 degrees C, eliminated aggregation, enhanced protein flexibility, and diminished thermal stability. These results suggest that the disulphide linkage could be the driving force for the Z19 alpha-zein aggregation.

The effect of sulfhydryl groups and disulphide linkage in the thermal aggregation of Z19 alpha-zein.

Monoamine transporters have been implicated in dopamine or serotonin release in response to abused drugs such as methamphetamine or ecstasy (MDMA). In addition, monoamine transporters show substrate-induced inward currents that may modulate excitability and Ca(2+) mobilization, which could also contribute to neurotransmitter release. How monoamine transporters modulate Ca(2+) permeability is currently unknown. We investigate the functional interaction between the human serotonin transporter (hSERT) and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (CaV). We introduce an excitable expression system consisting of cultured muscle cells genetically engineered to express hSERT. Both 5HT and S(+)MDMA depolarize these cells and activate the excitation-contraction (EC)-coupling mechanism. However, hSERT substrates fail to activate EC-coupling in CaV1.1-null muscle cells, thus implicating Ca(2+) channels. CaV1.3 and CaV2.2 channels are natively expressed in neurons. When these channels are co-expressed with hSERT in HEK293T cells, only cells expressing the lower-threshold L-type CaV1.3 channel show Ca(2+) transients evoked by 5HT or S(+)MDMA. In addition, the electrical coupling between hSERT and CaV1.3 takes place at physiological 5HT concentrations. The electrical coupling between monoamine neurotransmitter transporters and Ca(2+) channels such as CaV1.3 is a novel mechanism by which endogenous substrates (neurotransmitters) or exogenous substrates (like ecstasy) could modulate Ca(2+)-driven signals in excitable cells.

Article	Year
Characterization of a 19 kDa alpha-zein of high purity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry\| PubMed ID: 15686426	2005
Effect of temperature and pH on the secondary structure and processes of oligomerization of 19 kDa alpha-zein. Biochimica et biophysica acta\| PubMed ID: 16765112	2006
Effect of alkaline deamidation on the structure, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsifying properties of the Z19 alpha-zein. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry\| PubMed ID: 17227077	2007
The effect of sulfhydryl groups and disulphide linkage in the thermal aggregation of Z19 alpha-zein. Biochimica et biophysica acta\| PubMed ID: 18466780	2008
Electrical coupling between the human serotonin transporter and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Cell calcium\| PubMed ID: 24854234	2014

Vanessa Cabra

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