macrophage-cholesterol-depletion-its-effect-on-phagocytosis

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of <em>Cryptococcus neoformans</em>

Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. Infection occurs upon inhalation of spores, which are ...

Stony Brook University

To characterize the major membrane protein of goat spermatozoa.

A heparin-binding membrane protein from goat spermatozoa immobilizes spermatozoa in the presence of complement.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation in spermatozoa is associated with epididymal maturation and though to be central for attainment of a capacitated state and expression of hyperactivated motility. Heparin, the most highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans, was also the most potent at stimulating the acrosomal reaction in bovine epididymal spermatozoa. Studies using radiolabeled inorganic phosphate showed 11-fold increase (32)Pi incorporation in heparin-binding sperm membrane protein (HBSM) during spermatozoal capacitation, and the phosphorylation occurs at the tyrosine residue. Epididymal spermatozoa were induced to undergo capacitation and acrosome reaction by 70% when the cells were incubated in BWW medium supplemented with heparin. The spermatozoa pre-treated with anti-HBSM antibody showed 46% reduction in the hyperactivated motility and lowers the acrosome reaction. This was confirms by measuring the hydrolysis of benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ether (BAEE) by the acrosomal enzyme; acrosin. The preliminary finding suggests that HBSM may play an important role in the sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction.

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation of a heparin-binding sperm membrane mitogen (HBSM) is associated with capacitation and acrosome reaction.

Glycosaminoglycans like heparin and heparin sulfate in follicular fluid induce changes in the intracellular environment during the spermatozoal functional maturation. We previously reported the isolation, purification and partial characterization of a heparin binding sperm membrane protein (HBSM). In the present study, the amino acids analysis provided evidence of a single sequence, which suggest the homogeneity of the purified HBSM. Fourteen amino acids--(1)A D T I V A V E L D T Y P N(14)--correspond to the amino terminal sequence of Concanavalin A (Con A) and contain 45.2% carbohydrate by weight. HBSM possess mitogenic property on lymphocytes with comparable magnitude to the well-known mitogen; Con A, inducing 83% radiolabel thymidine incorporation in growing lymphocytes. Unlike Con A, there was no agglutination of cell by HBSM upto 5 ng/ml concentration. Interestingly, we found that heparin and chondroitin sulfate-conjugated HBSM inhibit the proliferative activity. Similar effect was also found with an in-house isolate sulfated glycans; G-I (28% sulfate). In contrast, there was no inhibition by the desulfated form; G-ID. Altogether, our data suggest that the mechanism of cell proliferative pathway may be different for HBSM and Con A.

The N-terminal of a heparin-binding sperm membrane mitogen possess lectin-like sequence.

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is a serious threat to immunocompromised individuals, especially for HIV patients who develop meningoencephalitis. For effective cryptococcal treatment, novel antifungal drugs or innovative combination therapies are needed. Recently, sphingolipids have emerged as important bioactive molecules in the regulation of microbial pathogenesis. Previously we reported that the sphingolipid pathway gene, ISC1, which is responsible for ceramide production, is a major virulence factor in Cn infection. Here we report our studies of the role of ISC1 during genotoxic stress induced by the antineoplastic hydroxyurea (HU) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), which affect DNA replication and genome integrity. We observed that Cn cells lacking ISC1 are highly sensitive to HU and MMS in a rich culture medium. HU affected cell division of Cn cells lacking the ISC1 gene, resulting in cell clusters. Cn ISC1, when expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) strain lacking its own ISC1 gene, restored HU resistance. In macrophage-like cells, although HU affected the proliferation of wild type (WT) Cn cells by 50% at the concentration tested, HU completely inhibited Cn isc1Δ cell proliferation. Interestingly, our preliminary data show that mice infected with WT or Cn isc1Δ cells and subsequently treated with HU had longer lifespans than untreated, infected control mice. Our work suggests that the sphingolipid pathway gene, ISC1, is a likely target for combination therapy with traditional drugs such as HU.

Hydroxyurea treatment inhibits proliferation of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen, which can replicate in the acidic environment inside phagolysosomes. Deletion of the enzyme inositol-phosphosphingolipid-phospholipase-C (Isc1) makes C. neoformans hypersensitive to acidic pH likely by inhibiting the function of the proton pump, plasma membrane ATPase (Pma1). In this work, we examined the role of Isc1 on Pma1 transport and oligomerization. Our studies showed that Isc1 deletion did not affect Pma1 synthesis or transport, but significantly inhibited Pma1 oligomerization. Interestingly, Pma1 oligomerization could be restored by supplementing the medium with phytoceramide. These results offer insight into the mechanism of intracellular survival of C. neoformans.

Article	Year
A heparin-binding membrane protein from goat spermatozoa immobilizes spermatozoa in the presence of complement. Fertility and sterility\| PubMed ID: 16616086	2006
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation of a heparin-binding sperm membrane mitogen (HBSM) is associated with capacitation and acrosome reaction. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 17126299	2007
The N-terminal of a heparin-binding sperm membrane mitogen possess lectin-like sequence. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 17222804	2007
Hydroxyurea treatment inhibits proliferation of Cryptococcus neoformans in mice. Frontiers in microbiology\| PubMed ID: 22783238	2012
Inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C1 regulates plasma membrane ATPase (Pma1) stability in Cryptococcus neoformans. FEBS letters\| PubMed ID: 25240197	2014

Visesato Mor

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