a-new-application-electrical-penetration-graph-epg-for-acquiring

A New Application of the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) for Acquiring and Measuring Electrical Signals in Phloem Sieve Elements

Electrophysiological properties of cells are often studied in vitro, after dissociating them from their native environments. However, the study of ...

EPG Systems, Wageningen, The Netherlands

&#x756A;&#x8304; 6 &#x53F7;&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x77ED;&#x81C2;&#xFF0C;&#x7FA4;&#x96C6;&#x7684;&#x6297;&#x75C5; (R) &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8FDB;&#x5316;&#x7A9D;&#x85CF;&#x7684; Cf &#x548C; Mi-1 &#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x3002;Mi-1 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x8D4B;&#x4E88;&#x6297;&#x6839;&#x7ED3;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x75C5;&#x3001; &#x869C;&#x866B;&#x3001; &#x548C;&#x8671;&#x3002;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;Ol 4&#x3001; Ol-6&#x3001; &#x4E3A;&#x6B64;&#x7FA4;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x756A;&#x8304;&#x767D;&#x7C89;&#x75C5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7684;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x662F;&#x5426; Ol 4&#xFF0C;Ol 6 R &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x4F4D;&#x4E8E;&#x6B64;&#x7FA4;&#x96C6;&#x7684;&#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C55;&#x793A;&#x8FD1;&#x7B49;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7CFB; (&#x65E0;) &#x5BB9; Ol-4 &#xFF08;&#x96F6;-Ol-4&#xFF09; &#x548C;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x804C;&#x7B49; 6 &#xFF08;&#x96F6;-Ol-6) &#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x6297;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x548C;&#x869C;&#x866B;&#x3002;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#xFF0C;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x75C5;&#x6297;&#x6027; cosegregates Ol 4 &#x548C; Ol-6&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x8FDB;&#x4E00;&#x6B65;&#x88AB;&#x7F5A;&#x6B3E;&#x6620;&#x5C04;&#x5230; Mi 1 &#x7FA4;&#x96C6;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x8BC1;&#x636E;&#x4E2D;&#x96F6;-Ol-4 &#x548C;&#x96F6;-Ol-6 Mi 1 &#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x662F;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x4E8E;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x6297;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x756A;&#x8304;&#x884C;&#xFF0C;Motelle &#x548C; VFNT&#xFF0C;&#x7A9D;&#x85CF; Mi-1 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x6297;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x548C;&#x756A;&#x8304;&#x767D;&#x7C89;&#x75C5;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x96F6;&#x53D7;&#x94FE;&#x63A5; &#xFF08;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x76F8;&#x540C;&#xFF09; Mi 1 &#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269; Mi-1 &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7C07;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8BA8;&#x8BBA;&#x5982;&#x4F55;&#x8304;&#x679C;&#x7C7B;&#x4F5C;&#x7269;&#x5229;&#x7528; Mi 1 &#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x4FDD;&#x62A4;&#x81EA;&#x5DF1;&#x514D;&#x53D7;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x3002;

Mi 1 &#x540C;&#x7CFB;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x8054;&#x7CFB;&#xFF0C;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4E0D;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#xFF0C;&#x8D4B;&#x4E88;&#x756A;&#x8304;&#x767D;&#x7C89;&#x75C5;&#x3001; &#x6839;&#x7ED3;&#x7EBF;&#x866B;&#x75C5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x3002;

On the short arm of tomato chromosome 6, a cluster of disease resistance (R) genes have evolved harboring the Mi-1 and Cf genes. The Mi-1 gene confers resistance to root-knot nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies. Previously, we mapped two genes, Ol-4 and Ol-6, for resistance to tomato powdery mildew in this cluster. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Ol-4 and Ol-6 are homologues of the R genes located in this cluster. We show that near-isogenic lines (NIL) harboring Ol-4 (NIL-Ol-4) and Ol-6 (NIL-Ol-6) are also resistant to nematodes and aphids. Genetically, the resistance to nematodes cosegregates with Ol-4 and Ol-6, which are further fine-mapped to the Mi-1 cluster. We provide evidence that the composition of Mi-1 homologues in NIL-Ol-4 and NIL-Ol-6 is different from other nematode-resistant tomato lines, Motelle and VFNT, harboring the Mi-1 gene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the resistance to both nematodes and tomato powdery mildew in these two NIL is governed by linked (if not the same) Mi-1 homologues in the Mi-1 gene cluster. Finally, we discuss how Solanum crops exploit Mi-1 homologues to defend themselves against distinct pathogens.

Linked, if not the same, Mi-1 homologues confer resistance to tomato powdery mildew and root-knot nematodes.

Sur le bras court du chromosome 6 tomates, un groupe de r&#xE9;sistance aux maladies (R) des g&#xE8;nes ont &#xE9;volu&#xE9; abritant le Mi-1 et les g&#xE8;nes Cf. Le Mi-1 du g&#xE8;ne conf&#xE8;re une r&#xE9;sistance &#xE0; des n&#xE9;matodes &#xE0; galles, les pucerons, et les aleurodes. Auparavant, nous avons cartographi&#xE9; deux g&#xE8;nes, Ol-4 et Ol-6, pour la r&#xE9;sistance au mildiou poudreux de tomate dans ce cluster. Le but de cette &#xE9;tude &#xE9;tait de d&#xE9;terminer si Ol-4 et Ol-6 sont des homologues des g&#xE8;nes R situ&#xE9;s dans cette grappe. Nous montrons que lign&#xE9;es quasi-isog&#xE9;niques (NIL) abritant Ol-4 (NIL-Ol-4) et Ol-6 (NIL-Ol-6) sont &#xE9;galement r&#xE9;sistants aux n&#xE9;matodes et les pucerons. G&#xE9;n&#xE9;tiquement, la r&#xE9;sistance &#xE0; la cos&#xE9;gr&#xE8;ge n&#xE9;matodes avec Ol-4 et Ol-6, qui sont plus fines mapp&#xE9; &#xE0; la grappe Mi-1. Nous apportons des preuves que la composition de Mi-1 homologues dans NIL-Ol-4 et NIL-Ol-6 est diff&#xE9;rent des autres lign&#xE9;es de tomates r&#xE9;sistantes aux n&#xE9;matodes, les Motelle et VFNT, les porteurs du g&#xE8;ne Mi-1. En outre, nous d&#xE9;montrons que la r&#xE9;sistance &#xE0; deux n&#xE9;matodes et &#xE0; la moisissure poudreuse tomate dans ces NIL deux est r&#xE9;gi par lien (si ce n&#x26;#39;est pas le m&#xEA;me) Mi-1 homologues dans le cluster Mi-1 du g&#xE8;ne. Enfin, nous discutons de la fa&#xE7;on dont les cultures Solanum exploiter Mi-1 homologues &#xE0; se d&#xE9;fendre contre les agents pathog&#xE8;nes distincts.

Li&#xE9;, si pas le m&#xEA;me, Mi-1 homologues Conf&#xE9;rer une r&#xE9;sistance au mildiou poudreux et tomates n&#xE9;matodes &#xE0; galles

Auf dem kurzen Arm des Tomaten-Chromosom 6 haben ein Cluster Krankheit Widerstand (R) Gene entwickelt beherbergen die Mi-1 und Cf-Gene. Das Mi-1-Gen verleiht Resistenz gegen Wurzel-Knoten Fadenw&uuml;rmer, Blattl&auml;use und Whiteflies. Zuvor zugeordnet wir zwei Genen, Ol-4 und Ol-6, f&uuml;r die Resistenz gegen Mehltau der Tomaten in diesem Cluster. Ziel dieser Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob Ol-4 und Ol-6 sind homologe Gene R befindet sich in diesem Cluster. Wir zeigen, dass in der N&auml;he von isogene (NIL) Entwurfsdokumente Ol-4 (NIL-Ol-4 Linien) und Ol-6 (NIL-Ol-6) sind auch resistent gegen Nematoden und Blattl&auml;use. Genetisch, die Resistenz gegen Nematoden Cosegregates mit Ol-4 und Ol-6, die weiter fein, Mi-1 Cluster zugeordnet sind. Wir belegen die Zusammensetzung der Mi-1 homologe in NIL-Ol-4 und NIL-Ol-6 unterscheidet sich von anderen Fadenw&uuml;rmer-resistente Tomaten-Linien, Motelle und VFNT, beherbergen das Mi-1-Gen. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus zeigen wir, dass die Resistenz gegen Nematoden und Tomaten Mehltau in diesen zwei NIL unterliegt verkn&uuml;pft (falls nicht identisch) Mi-1 homologe in der Mi-1-Gen-Cluster. Schlie&szlig;lich diskutieren wir, wie Solanum Pflanzen Mi-1 homologe zur Verteidigung gegen verschiedene Krankheitserreger nutzen.

Verkn&uuml;pft, wenn nicht das gleiche, verleihen Mi-1 homologe Resistenz gegen Mehltau Tomaten und Wurzel-Knoten Fadenw&uuml;rmer.

Sul braccio corto del cromosoma 6 di pomodoro, un cluster di geni di resistenza (R) di malattia sono evoluti harboring i geni Mi-1 e Cf. Il Mi-1 gene conferisce resistenza a nematodi root-knot, afidi e aleurodidi. In precedenza, abbiamo mappato due geni, Ol-4 e Ol-6, per la resistenza all&#39;oidio del pomodoro in questo cluster. Lo scopo di questo studio era di indagare se Ol-4 e 6 Ol sono omologhi dei geni R si trova in questo cluster. Mostriamo che vicino isogeni linee (NIL) harboring Ol-4 (NIL-Ol-4) e Ol-6 (NIL-Ol-6) sono anche resistenti a nematodi e gli afidi. Geneticamente, la resistenza a nematodi cosegregates con Ol-4 e Ol-6, che sono pi&ugrave; belle-mappato al cluster di Mi-1. Forniamo prove che la composizione di Mi-1 omologhi in NIL-Ol-4 e NIL-Ol-6 &egrave; diversa da altre linee di pomodoro resistente ai nematodi, Motelle e VFNT, harboring il gene Mi-1. Inoltre, abbiamo dimostrato che la resistenza a nematodi e oidio del pomodoro in questi due NIL &egrave; governata da collegato (se non lo stesso) Mi-1 omologhi del cluster gene Mi-1. Infine, si parler&agrave; di come Solanum colture sfruttano Mi-1 omologhi per difendersi contro gli agenti patogeni distinti.

Collegato, se non lo stesso, Mi-1 omologhi conferiscono resistenza all&#39;oidio del pomodoro e nematodi root-knot.

&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x7B2C;6&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x77ED;&#x8155;&#x4E0A;&#x3001;&#x75C5;&#x5BB3;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#xFF08;R&#xFF09;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;Mi-1&#x3068;Cf&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x4FDD;&#x6709;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; MI-1&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6839;&#x3053;&#x3076;&#x7DDA;&#x866B;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30D6;&#x30E9;&#x30E0;&#x30B7;&#x3001;&#x30B3;&#x30CA;&#x30B8;&#x30E9;&#x30DF;&#x3068;&#x8010;&#x6027;&#x3092;&#x4ED8;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x3001;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x5185;&#x306E;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x3046;&#x3069;&#x3093;&#x3053;&#x75C5;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x6027;OL-4 OL-6 2&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x3001;&#x30DE;&#x30C3;&#x30D7;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x672C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x76EE;&#x7684;&#x306F;&#x3001;OL-4 OL-6&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x306B;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;R&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x30DB;&#x30E2;&#x30ED;&#x30B0;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x304B;&#x3069;&#x3046;&#x304B;&#x3092;&#x691C;&#x8A0E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;OL-4&#x4FDD;&#x6709;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x307B;&#x307C;&#x540C;&#x8CEA;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x7CFB;&#x7D71;&#xFF08;NIL&#xFF09;&#xFF08;NIL-OL-4&#xFF09;&#x3068;OL-6&#xFF08;NIL-OL-6&#xFF09;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x7DDA;&#x866B;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30D6;&#x30E9;&#x30E0;&#x30B7;&#x306B;&#x8010;&#x6027;&#x304C;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;MI-1&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x5FAE;&#x30DE;&#x30C3;&#x30D4;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;OL-4 OL-6&#x7DDA;&#x866B;&#x306E;cosegregates&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;NIL-OL-4&#x3068;NIL-OL-6 MI-1&#x540C;&#x65CF;&#x4F53;&#x306E;&#x7D44;&#x6210;&#x7269;&#x306F;&#x3001;MI-1&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x3092;&#x4FDD;&#x6709;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x7DDA;&#x866B;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#x6027;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x7DDA;&#x3001;Motelle&#x3068;VFNT&#x3001;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x8A3C;&#x62E0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30AF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;2&#x3064;&#x306E;NIL&#x306E;&#x866B;&#x3068;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x3046;&#x3069;&#x3093;&#x3053;&#x75C5;&#x306E;&#x4E21;&#x65B9;&#x306B;&#x62B5;&#x6297;&#xFF08;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x3068;&#x540C;&#x3058;&#xFF09;&#x306B;&#x652F;&#x914D;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;MI-1 MI-1&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x30AF;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x5185;&#x306E;&#x540C;&#x65CF;&#x3002;&#x6700;&#x5F8C;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x30CA;&#x30B9;&#x4F5C;&#x7269;&#x306F;MI-1&#x30DB;&#x30E2;&#x30ED;&#x30B0;&#x306F;&#x5225;&#x500B;&#x306E;&#x75C5;&#x539F;&#x4F53;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x8EAB;&#x3092;&#x5B88;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x6D3B;&#x7528;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x306B;&#x3064;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x8AAC;&#x660E;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3001;&#x540C;&#x3058;&#x3001;MI-1&#x540C;&#x65CF;&#x4F53;&#x304C;&#x30C8;&#x30DE;&#x30C8;&#x3046;&#x3069;&#x3093;&#x3053;&#x75C5;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x6839;&#x3053;&#x3076;&#x7DDA;&#x866B;&#x306B;&#x5BFE;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x8010;&#x6027;&#x3092;&#x4ED8;&#x4E0E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5834;&#x5408;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30AF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;

6 &#xD1A0;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0; &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4;&#xC758; &#xC9E7;&#xC740; &#xD314;&#xC5D0; &#xC9C8;&#xBCD1; &#xC800;&#xD56D; (R) &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130; &#xC740;&#xB2C9; &#xBBF8; 1&#xACFC; Cf &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xC9C4;&#xD654; &#xD588;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBBF8; 1 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xB8E8;&#xD2B8; &#xB9E4;&#xB4ED; nematodes, &#xC9C4; &#xB514;, &#xACE0; whiteflies &#xC800;&#xD56D; &#xC218; &#xC5EC;. &#xC774;&#xC804;&#xC5D0;, &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xB450; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;, Ol 4&#xC640; Ol-6,&#xC774; &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130;&#xC5D0; &#xD1A0;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0; &#xAC00;&#xB8E8; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774;&#xC5D0; &#xC800;&#xD56D;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB9E4;&#xD551;&#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xBAA9;&#xC801;&#xC740; Ol 4 &#xC5EC;&#xBD80;&#xB97C; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC0F; Ol 6&#xB294;&#xC774; &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; R &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xC758; homologues. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xADFC;&#xCC98; isogenic &#xB77C;&#xC778; (NIL) &#xC740;&#xB2C9; Ol-4 (&#xB300; 0-Ol-4) Ol-6 (&#xB300; 0-Ol-6)&#xB294; &#xC120; &#xCDA9;&#xACFC; &#xC9C4; &#xB514; &#xB0B4;&#xC131; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xD45C;&#xC2DC; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;, &#xC120; &#xCDA9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC800;&#xD56D; cosegregates Ol 4 &#xBC0F; Ol 6 &#xD30C;&#xC778; &#xBBF8; 1 &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130;&#xC5D0; &#xB9E4;&#xD551;&#xB41C; &#xCD94;&#xAC00; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; &#xB300; 0-Ol-4&#xC640; &#xB300; 0-Ol-6 &#xBBF8;-1 homologues&#xC758; &#xC870;&#xC131;&#xC740; Motelle &#xBC0F; VFNT, Mi-1 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790;&#xB97C; &#xD488;&#xACE0; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC120; &#xCDA9; &#xB958; &#xBC29;&#xC9C0; &#xD1A0;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0; &#xC120;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC99D;&#xAC70;&#xB97C; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C; nematodes&#xC744; 2 &#xB300; 0&#xC774; &#xD1A0;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0; &#xAC00;&#xB8E8; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xC800;&#xD56D; (&#xB9CC;&#xC57D; &#xC548; &#xB3D9;&#xC77C;) &#xC5F0;&#xACB0; &#xBC1B;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;&#xC785;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xC2DC;&#xC5F0; &#xBBF8; 1 &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xD074;&#xB7EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130;&#xC5D0; &#xBBF8;-1 homologues. &#xB9C8;&#xC9C0;&#xB9C9;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;, &#xAE4C; &#xC791;&#xBB3C; &#xB69C;&#xB837;&#xD55C; &#xBCD1;&#xC6D0; &#xCCB4;&#xC5D0; &#xB300;&#xD574; &#xC790;&#xC2E0;&#xC744; &#xBC29;&#xC5B4; &#xD558; &#xBBF8;-1 homologues&#xC744; &#xC545;&#xC6A9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBC29;&#xBC95;&#xC744; &#xC0B4;&#xD3B4;&#xBD05;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC5F0;&#xACB0;, &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xAC19;&#xC740;, &#xBBF8;-1 homologues &#xD1A0;&#xB9C8;&#xD1A0; &#xAC00;&#xB8E8; &#xACF0; &#xD321;&#xC774; &#xBC0F; &#xB8E8;&#xD2B8; &#xB9E4;&#xB4ED; nematodes &#xC800;&#xD56D;&#xC744; &#xBD80;&#xC5EC;.

En el brazo corto del cromosoma 6 del tomate, un grupo de resistencia a las enfermedades (R), los genes han evolucionado albergar el Mi-1 y genes de FQ. El Mi-1 gen confiere resistencia a nematodos, pulgones, moscas blancas y. Anteriormente, se asignan dos genes, Ol-Ol 4 y 6, por la resistencia al mildiu del tomate en polvo en este grupo. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si Ol Ol-4 y 6 son hom&#xF3;logos de los genes R ubicados en este grupo. Se demuestra que l&#xED;neas casi isog&#xE9;nicas (NIL) albergan Ol-4 (NIL-Ol-4) y Ol-6 (NIL-Ol-6) tambi&#xE9;n son resistentes a los nematodos y pulgones. Gen&#xE9;ticamente, la resistencia a nematodos cosegrega con Ol-4 y Ol-6, que son a&#xFA;n m&#xE1;s fina asignada al grupo Mi-1. Ofrecemos pruebas de que la composici&#xF3;n de los Mi-1 hom&#xF3;logos de NIL-Ol-4 y NIL-Ol-6 es diferente de otras l&#xED;neas de tomate resistentes a los nematodos, las Motelle y VFNT, que albergan el gen Mi-1. Adem&#xE1;s, nos demuestran que la resistencia a los nematodos y hongos de tomate en polvo en estos dos NIL se rige por la vinculada (si no es lo mismo) Mi-1 hom&#xF3;logos en el grupo de genes Mi-1. Finalmente, se discute c&#xF3;mo explotar los cultivos de solan&#xE1;ceas Mi-1 hom&#xF3;logos para defenderse contra los pat&#xF3;genos distintos.

Vinculado, si no igual, Mi-1 Hom&#xF3;logos conferir resistencia al moho polvoriento de tomate y nematodos-

Detailed information on plant penetration activities by pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera Psyllidae) is essential to study phytoplasma transmission of "Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri" responsible of pear decline disease (PD) and to trace and evaluate resistant traits in new pear tree selections for advanced breeding programs. The electrical penetration graph technique or (full) EPG may relevantly contribute to this knowledge. C. pyri EPG waveforms were characterized on basis of amplitude, frequency, voltage level, and electrical origin. Additionally, stylet tracks and the putative location of stylet tips in the plant tissue were histologically related to EPG waveforms by light and transmission electron microscopy observations after stylectomy. More than one waveform occurred in the same tissue: PA, PB, PC1 and PC2 were all detected in the mesophyll, and PE1 and PE2 were both recorded in the phloem. Waveform PE1 was always preceded by transient waveform PD, as previously described in other psyllids. Interestingly, no brief intracellular punctures (potential drop waveforms) were observed during plant penetration, opposite of what is usually recorded in aphids and other Sternorrhyncha.

Stylet penetration of Cacopsylla pyri; an electrical penetration graph (EPG) study.

Inoculation of the semi-persistent cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV, genus Caulimovirus) is associated with successive brief (5-10 s) intracellular stylet punctures (pd) when aphids probe in epidermal and mesophyll cells. In contrast to non-persistent viruses, there is no evidence for which of the pd subphases (II-1, II-2 and II-3) is involved in the inoculation of CaMV. Experiments were conducted using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique to investigate which particular subphases of the pd are associated with the inoculation of CaMV to turnip by its aphid vector Brevicoryne brassicae. In addition, the same aphid species/test plant combination was used to compare the role of the pd subphases in the inoculation of the non-persistent turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, genus Potyvirus). Inoculation of TuMV was found to be related to subphase II-1, confirming earlier results, but CaMV inoculation appeared to be related exclusively to subphase II-2 instead. The mechanism of CaMV inoculation and the possible nature of subphase II-2 are discussed in the scope of our findings.

Differences in the mechanism of inoculation between a semi-persistent and a non-persistent aphid-transmitted plant virus.

Plants propagate electrical signals in response to artificial wounding. However, little is known about the electrophysiological responses of the phloem to wounding, and whether natural damaging stimuli induce propagating electrical signals in this tissue. Here, we used living aphids and the direct current (DC) version of the electrical penetration graph (EPG) to detect changes in the membrane potential of Arabidopsis sieve elements (SEs) during caterpillar wounding. Feeding wounds in the lamina induced fast depolarization waves in the affected leaf, rising to maximum amplitude (c. 60 mV) within 2 s. Major damage to the midvein induced fast and slow depolarization waves in unwounded neighbor leaves, but only slow depolarization waves in non-neighbor leaves. The slow depolarization waves rose to maximum amplitude (c. 30 mV) within 14 s. Expression of a jasmonate-responsive gene was detected in leaves in which SEs displayed fast depolarization waves. No electrical signals were detected in SEs of unwounded neighbor leaves of plants with suppressed expression of GLR3.3 and GLR3.6. EPG applied as a novel approach to plant electrophysiology allows cell-specific, robust, real-time monitoring of early electrophysiological responses in plant cells to damage, and is potentially applicable to a broad range of plant-herbivore interactions.

Article	Year
Linked, if not the same, Mi-1 homologues confer resistance to tomato powdery mildew and root-knot nematodes. Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI\| PubMed ID: 21171892	2011
Stylet penetration of Cacopsylla pyri; an electrical penetration graph (EPG) study. Journal of insect physiology\| PubMed ID: 21802423	2011
Differences in the mechanism of inoculation between a semi-persistent and a non-persistent aphid-transmitted plant virus. The Journal of general virology\| PubMed ID: 22090212	2012
Real-time, in vivo intracellular recordings of caterpillar-induced depolarization waves in sieve elements using aphid electrodes. The New phytologist\| PubMed ID: 24716546	2014

W. Freddy Tjallingii

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