surface-spreading-and-immunostaining-of-yeast-chromosomes

Surface Spreading and Immunostaining of Yeast Chromosomes

The small size of nuclei of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits the utility of light microscopy for analysis of the subnuclear distribution ...

University of Chicago

Dmc1 is specifically required for homologous recombination during meiosis. Here we report that the calcium ion enabled Dmc1 from budding yeast to form regular helical filaments on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and activate its strand assimilation activity. Relative to magnesium, calcium increased the affinity of Dmc1 for ATP and but reduces its DNA-dependent ATPase activity. These effects, together with previous studies of other RecA-like recombinases, support the view that ATP binding to Dmc1 protomers is required for functional filament structure. The helical pitch of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dmc1-ssDNA helical filament was estimated to be 13.4 +/- 2.5 nm. Analysis of apparently "complete" Dmc1-ssDNA filaments indicated a stoichiometry of 24 +/- 2 nucleotides per turn of the Dmc1 helix. This finding suggests that the number or protomers per helical turn and/or the number of nucleotides bound per Dmc1 protomer differs from that reported previously for Rad51 and RecA filaments. Our data support the view that the active form of Dmc1 protein is a helical filament rather than a ring. We speculate that Ca(2+) plays a significant role in regulating meiotic recombination.

Calcium ion promotes yeast Dmc1 activity via formation of long and fine helical filaments with single-stranded DNA.

The Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex is required for eukaryotic DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and meiotic recombination. We cloned the Coprinus cinereus rad50 gene and showed that it corresponds to the complementation group previously named rad12, identified mutations in 15 rad50 alleles, and mapped two of the mutations onto molecular models of Rad50 structure. We found that C. cinereus rad50 and mre11 mutants arrest in meiosis and that this arrest is Spo11 dependent. In addition, some rad50 alleles form inducible, Spo11-dependent Rad51 foci and therefore must be forming meiotic DSBs. Thus, we think it likely that arrest in both mre11-1 and the collection of rad50 mutants is the result of unrepaired or improperly processed DSBs in the genome and that Rad50 and Mre11 are dispensable in C. cinereus for DSB formation, but required for appropriate DSB processing. We found that the ability of rad50 mutant strains to form Rad51 foci correlates with their ability to promote synaptonemal complex formation and with levels of stable meiotic pairing and that partial pairing, recombination initiation, and synapsis occur in the absence of wild-type Rad50 catalytic domains. Examination of single- and double-mutant strains showed that a spo11 mutation that prevents DSB formation enhances axial element (AE) formation for rad50-4, an allele predicted to encode a protein with intact hook region and hook-proximal coiled coils, but not for rad50-1, an allele predicted to encode a severely truncated protein, or for rad50-5, which encodes a protein whose hook-proximal coiled-coil region is disrupted. Therefore, Rad50 has an essential structural role in the formation of AEs, separate from the DSB-processing activity of the MRN complex.

Coprinus cinereus rad50 mutants reveal an essential structural role for Rad50 in axial element and synaptonemal complex formation, homolog pairing and meiotic recombination.

During homologous recombination, a number of proteins cooperate to catalyze the loading of recombinases onto single-stranded DNA. Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins stimulate recombination by coating single-stranded DNA and keeping it free of secondary structure; however, in order for recombinases to load on single-stranded-DNA-binding protein-coated DNA, the activity of a class of proteins known as recombination mediators is required. Mediator proteins coordinate the handoff of single-stranded DNA from single-stranded DNA-binding protein to recombinase. Here we show that a complex of Mei5 and Sae3 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae preferentially binds single-stranded DNA and relieves the inhibition of the strand assimilation and DNA binding abilities of the meiotic recombinase Dmc1 imposed by the single-stranded DNA-binding protein replication protein A. Additionally, we demonstrate the physical interaction of Mei5-Sae3 with replication protein A. Our results, together with previous in vivo studies, indicate that Mei5-Sae3 is a mediator of Dmc1 assembly during meiotic recombination in S. cerevisiae.

The Mei5-Sae3 protein complex mediates Dmc1 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Automated platforms used for forensic casework sample DNA extraction need to be versatile to accommodate a wide variety of sample types, thus protocols frequently need modification. In this study, DNA IQ methods previously developed for the Biomek 2000 Automation Workstation were adapted for the Teleshake Unit using normal volumes and all deepwell extraction, and a large volume DNA IQ method developed. DNA purification without detectable contamination of adjacent reagent blanks is reported in the extraction of tissue samples containing several micrograms of DNA. Sensitivity and contamination studies demonstrated similar performance with the manual organic extraction method for bloodstain dilution samples. Mock casework samples demonstrated the effectiveness of the Teleshake and Teleshake large volume methods. Because of the performance and increased versatility of the DNA IQ extraction with these modifications, the Teleshake Unit has been implemented in both normal and large volume automated DNA extractions at the Virginia Department of Forensic Science.

Implementation and validation of the Teleshake unit for DNA IQ robotic extraction and development of a large volume DNA IQ method.

Meiotic recombination in budding yeast requires two RecA-related proteins, Rad51 and Dmc1, both of which form filaments on DNA capable of directing homology search and catalyzing formation of homologous joint molecules (JMs) and strand exchange. With use of a separation-of-function mutant form of Rad51 that retains filament-forming but not JM-forming activity, we show that the JM activity of Rad51 is fully dispensable for meiotic recombination. The corresponding mutation in Dmc1 causes a profound recombination defect, demonstrating Dmc1's JM activity alone is responsible for meiotic recombination. We further provide biochemical evidence that Rad51 acts with Mei5-Sae3 as a Dmc1 accessory factor. Thus, Rad51 is a multifunctional protein that catalyzes recombination directly in mitosis and indirectly, via Dmc1, during meiosis.

Rad51 is an accessory factor for Dmc1-mediated joint molecule formation during meiosis.

During meiosis, repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by recombination promotes pairing of homologous chromosomes and their connection by crossovers. Two DNA strand-exchange proteins, Rad51 and Dmc1, are required for meiotic recombination in many organisms. Studies in budding yeast imply that Rad51 acts to regulate Dmc1's strand exchange activity, while its own exchange activity is inhibited. However, in a dmc1 mutant, elimination of inhibitory factor, Hed1, activates Rad51's strand exchange activity and results in high levels of recombination without participation of Dmc1. Here we show that Rad51-mediated meiotic recombination is not subject to regulatory processes associated with high-fidelity chromosome segregation. These include homolog bias, a process that directs strand exchange between homologs rather than sister chromatids. Furthermore, activation of Rad51 does not effectively substitute for Dmc1's chromosome pairing activity, nor does it ensure formation of the obligate crossovers required for accurate homolog segregation. We further show that Dmc1's dominance in promoting strand exchange between homologs involves repression of Rad51's strand-exchange activity. This function of Dmc1 is independent of Hed1, but requires the meiotic kinase, Mek1. Hed1 makes a relatively minor contribution to homolog bias, but nonetheless this is important for normal morphogenesis of synaptonemal complexes and efficient crossing-over especially when DSB numbers are decreased. Super-resolution microscopy shows that Dmc1 also acts to organize discrete complexes of a Mek1 partner protein, Red1, into clusters along lateral elements of synaptonemal complexes; this activity may also contribute to homolog bias. Finally, we show that when interhomolog bias is defective, recombination is buffered by two feedback processes, one that increases the fraction of events that yields crossovers, and a second that we propose involves additional DSB formation in response to defective homolog interactions. Thus, robust crossover homeostasis is conferred by integrated regulation at initiation, strand-exchange and maturation steps of meiotic recombination.

Meiotic crossover control by concerted action of Rad51-Dmc1 in homolog template bias and robust homeostatic regulation.

Formation of crossovers between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is positively regulated by the ZMM proteins (also known as SIC proteins). DNA damage checkpoint proteins also promote efficient formation of interhomolog crossovers. Here, we examined, in budding yeast, the meiotic role of the heterotrimeric DNA damage response clamp composed of Rad17, Ddc1 and Mec3 (known as '9-1-1' in other organisms) and a component of the clamp loader, Rad24 (known as Rad17 in other organisms). Cytological analysis indicated that the 9-1-1 clamp and its loader are not required for the chromosomal loading of RecA homologs Rad51 or Dmc1, but are necessary for the efficient loading of ZMM proteins. Interestingly, the loading of ZMM proteins onto meiotic chromosomes was independent of the checkpoint kinase Mec1 (the homolog of ATR) as well as Rad51. Furthermore, the ZMM member Zip3 (also known as Cst9) bound to the 9-1-1 complex in a cell-free system. These data suggest that, in addition to promoting interhomolog bias mediated by Rad51-Dmc1, the 9-1-1 clamp promotes crossover formation through a specific role in the assembly of ZMM proteins. Thus, the 9-1-1 complex functions to promote two crucial meiotic recombination processes, the regulation of interhomolog recombination and crossover formation mediated by ZMM.

DNA damage response clamp 9-1-1 promotes assembly of ZMM proteins for formation of crossovers and synaptonemal complex.

The RAD54 family DNA translocases have several biochemical activities. One activity, demonstrated previously for the budding yeast translocases, is ATPase-dependent disruption of RAD51-dsDNA binding. This activity is thought to promote dissociation of RAD51 from heteroduplex DNA following strand exchange during homologous recombination. In addition, previous experiments in budding yeast have shown that the same activity of Rad54 removes Rad51 from undamaged sites on chromosomes; mutants lacking Rad54 accumulate nonrepair-associated complexes that can block growth and lead to chromosome loss. Here, we show that human RAD54 also promotes the dissociation of RAD51 from dsDNA and not ssDNA. We also show that translocase depletion in tumor cell lines leads to the accumulation of RAD51 on chromosomes, forming complexes that are not associated with markers of DNA damage. We further show that combined depletion of RAD54L and RAD54B and/or artificial induction of RAD51 overexpression blocks replication and promotes chromosome segregation defects. These results support a model in which RAD54L and RAD54B counteract genome-destabilizing effects of direct binding of RAD51 to dsDNA in human tumor cells. Thus, in addition to having genome-stabilizing DNA repair activity, human RAD51 has genome-destabilizing activity when expressed at high levels, as is the case in many human tumors.

Article	Year
Calcium ion promotes yeast Dmc1 activity via formation of long and fine helical filaments with single-stranded DNA. The Journal of biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 16204247	2005
Coprinus cinereus rad50 mutants reveal an essential structural role for Rad50 in axial element and synaptonemal complex formation, homolog pairing and meiotic recombination. Genetics\| PubMed ID: 18940790	2008
The Mei5-Sae3 protein complex mediates Dmc1 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Journal of biological chemistry\| PubMed ID: 19270307	2009
Implementation and validation of the Teleshake unit for DNA IQ robotic extraction and development of a large volume DNA IQ method. Journal of forensic sciences\| PubMed ID: 20345792	2010
Rad51 is an accessory factor for Dmc1-mediated joint molecule formation during meiosis. Science (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 22955832	2012
Meiotic crossover control by concerted action of Rad51-Dmc1 in homolog template bias and robust homeostatic regulation. PLoS genetics\| PubMed ID: 24367271	2013
DNA damage response clamp 9-1-1 promotes assembly of ZMM proteins for formation of crossovers and synaptonemal complex. Journal of cell science\| PubMed ID: 25736290	2015
RAD54 family translocases counter genotoxic effects of RAD51 in human tumor cells. Nucleic acids research\| PubMed ID: 25765654	2015

Jennifer Grubb

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