bacterial-leaf-infiltration-assay-for-fine-characterization-plant

Bacterial Leaf Infiltration Assay for Fine Characterization of Plant Defense Responses using the <em>Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae</em> Pathosystem

In the absence of specialized mobile immune cells, plants utilize their localized programmed cell death and Systemic Acquired Resistance to defend ...

University of Alabama at Birmingham

In tomato, the NBARC-LRR resistance (R) protein Prf acts in concert with the Pto or Fen kinase to determine immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Prf-mediated defense signaling is initiated by the recognition of two sequence-unrelated Pst-secreted effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtoB, by tomato Pto or Fen. Prf detects these interactions and activates signaling leading to host defense responses including localized programmed cell death (PCD) that is associated with the arrest of Pst growth. We found that Prf variants with single amino acid substitutions at D1416 in the IHD motif (isoleucine-histidine-aspartic acid) in the NBARC domain cause effector-independent PCD when transiently expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting D1416 plays an important role in activation of Prf. The N-terminal region of Prf (NPrf) and the LRR domain are required for this autoactive Prf cell death signaling but dispensable for accumulation of the Prf(D1416V) protein. Significantly, co-expression of the Prf LRR but not NPrf, with Prf(D1416V), AvrPto/Pto, AvrPtoB/Pto, an autoactive form of Pto (Pto(Y207D)), or Fen completely suppresses PCD. However, the Prf LRR does not interfere with PCD caused by Rpi-blb1(D475V), a distinct R protein-mediated PCD signaling event, or that caused by overexpression of MAPKKKα, a protein acting downstream of Prf. Furthermore, we found the Prf(D1416V) protein is unable to accumulate in plant cells when co-expressed with the Prf LRR domain, likely explaining the cell death suppression. The mechanism for the LRR-induced degradation of Prf(D1416V) is unknown but may involve interference in the intramolecular interactions of Prf or to binding of the unattached LRR to other host proteins that are needed for Prf stability.

Plant programmed cell death caused by an autoactive form of Prf is suppressed by co-expression of the Prf LRR domain.

The highly conserved eukaryotic co-chaperone SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) is an important signaling component of plant defense responses and positively regulates disease resistance conferred by many resistance (R) proteins. In this study, we investigated the contribution of SGT1 in the Prf-mediated defense responses in both Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SGT1 was demonstrated to interact with Prf in plant cells by co-immunoprecipitation. The requirement of SGT1 in the accumulation of Prf or autoactive Prf(D1416V) was determined by the degradation of these proteins in N. benthamiana, in which SGT1 was repressed by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Pseudomonas pathogen assay on the SGT1-silenced tomato plants implicates SGT1 is required for the Prf-mediated full resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). These results suggest that, in both N. benthamiana and tomato, SGT1 contributes to the Prf-mediated defense responses by stabilizing Prf protein via its co-chaperone activity.

Article	Year
Plant programmed cell death caused by an autoactive form of Prf is suppressed by co-expression of the Prf LRR domain. Molecular plant\| PubMed ID: 22451646	2012
SGT1 interacts with the Prf resistance protein and is required for Prf accumulation and Prf-mediated defense signaling. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 23333384	2013

Xinran Du

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