a-quick-efficient-method-for-purification-endoderm-cells-generated

A Quick and Efficient Method for the Purification of Endoderm Cells Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell ...

Hannover medical school

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare disorder predominantly affecting the skin, the eyes, and the cardiovascular system. The disease is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene and characterized by ectopic calcification and extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a pivotal role in the process of ECM remodeling. In the present study, we investigated matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PXE patients compared to healthy controls. We analyzed the serum concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a cohort of 69 German PXE patients and in 69 healthy, age-, and sex-matched control subjects using commercially available ELISA assays. We found elevated concentrations of both MMPs in the sera of PXE patients. MMP-2 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls (231 +/- 5.89 vs 202 +/- 5.17 ng/ml, p = 0.0002), as were MMP-9 levels (841 +/- 65.9 vs 350 +/- 30.8 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). Our findings point to an involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in PXE pathology. ECM remodeling in PXE is reflected by elevated levels of circulating MMP-2 and MMP-9. Those MMPs might, therefore, be applicable as serum markers for the matrix-degradative process in PXE.

Elevated circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients.

Stem cell research is a highly promising and rapidly progressing field inside regenerative medicine. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), reprogrammed "induced pluripotent" cells (iPS), or lately protein induced pluripotent cells (piPS) share one inevitable factor: mouse embryonic feeder cells (MEFs), which are commonly used for ESC long term culture procedures and colony regeneration. These MEFs originate from different mouse strains, are inactivated by different methods and are differently cryopreserved. Incomprehensibly, there are to date no established quality control parameters for MEFs to insure consistency of ESC experiments and culture. Hence, in this work, we developed a bench-top quality control for embryonic feeder cells. According to our findings, MEFs should be inactivated by irradiation (30Gy) and cryopreserved with optimal 10% DMSO at 1K/min freezing velocity. Thawed cells should be free of mycoplasma and should have above 85 ± 13.1% viability. Values for the metabolic activity should be above 150 ± 10.5% and for the combined gene expression of selected marker genes above 225 ± 43.8% compared to non-irradiated, cryopreserved controls. Cells matching these criteria can be utilized for at least 12 days for ESC culture without detaching from the culture dish or disruption of the cell layer.

Cryopreservation and quality control of mouse embryonic feeder cells.

The common marmoset New World monkey (Callithrix jacchus), is a primate model with great potential for scientific research, including research on diabetes. However, in opposite to Rhesus and Java monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) little is known about the marmosets islet microarchitecture, glucose transporter and pancreatic marker gene expression. In this work we analyze differences and similarities in size, shape, cellular composition and intra-islet topography between the common marmoset and the human endocrine pancreas. Different sized, circular and a-circular shaped islets of the common marmoset and human display α-cells in the whole islet organ leading to a ribbon-like islet type. The number of islets was significantly higher in the common marmoset compared with humans. However, the area of insulin-producing cells was significantly higher in the human pancreas. Intra-islet distribution pattern of δ- and β-cells was similar in both species. The morphology of the exocrine pancreas regarding acinar and ductal cells was quite similar as confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. Additionally the ultrastructure of secretory granules from α-, δ- and β-cells of human and non-human primate pancreas showed the same characteristics. Molecular analysis showed the presence of endocrine pancreatic marker genes like PMCA2, NCX1, SUR1, KIR6.2, MAFA, NGN3 and PDX1 also expressed in the human. For the first time we could show presence of Glut 5 and 9 transporters in addition to the low abundance transporter Glut2 and the highly expressed Glut1 glucose transporter. We propose that Callithrix jacchus displays a new animal model for diabetes research and regenerative medicine.

Islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human.

Pluripotent cells hold great promise for cell replacement therapies in regenerative medicine. All known protocols for directed in vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells did not yield pure populations complicating the characterization of the derived cells. In addition, the risk of tumor formation due to residual undifferentiated cells is a serious unresolved problem. In the present study the tissue-specific mouse Pdx1 promoter was used to control the expression of the reporter gene GFP2 in mouse ES cells in order to purify them via FACS during in vitro differentiation. The background fluorescence of transduced ES cells hampered the purification of Pdx1-positive cells due to a contaminating population of partially undifferentiated cells. MicroRNAs (mir) are important regulators of gene expression and were used to enhance promoter specificity during differentiation towards pancreatic progenitor cells. The mouse mmu-mir-294 was found to be mainly expressed during pluripotency, whereas the expression of the mir-302 cluster was increased during early differentiation. Integration of a microRNA target site for the mmu-mir-294 into the lentiviral vector reduced the background fluorescence specifically during pluripotency and permitted re-occurrence of GFP2 expression upon differentiation. A combination of the microRNA target site with the Pdx1 promoter fragment allowed the purification of pancreatic progenitors from differentiated ES cells. This population reflected an early pancreatic progenitor population without other contaminating cell lineages. In conclusion, microRNA target sites are efficient regulatory elements to control transgene expression and to enhance tissue specificity as presented in this study facilitating the sorting and purification of Pdx1-positive pancreatic progenitor cells.

MicroRNA target sites as genetic tools to enhance promoter-reporter specificity for the purification of pancreatic progenitor cells from differentiated embryonic stem cells.

Pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine, due to their unlimited self-renewal potential and the ability to differentiate into all somatic cell types. Differences between the rodent disease models and the situation in humans can be narrowed down with non-human primate models. The common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) is an interesting model for biomedical research because these animals are easy to breed, get relatively old (≤ 13 years), are small in size, are relatively cost-effective and have a high genetic proximity to the human. In particular, diseases of the liver and pancreas are interesting for cell replacement therapies but the in vitro differentiation of ESCs into the definitive endoderm germ layer is still a demanding task. Membrane-permeable, chemically defined small molecules can possibly replace recombinant growth factors used in most directed differentiation protocols. However, the potent small molecules IDE-1 and IDE-2 were not able to induce definitive endoderm-like cells when ESCs from the common marmoset were treated with these compounds, whereas the recombinant growth factor Activin A could force the differentiation into this lineage. Our results indicate that ESCs from the common marmoset are less sensitive or even insensitive to these small molecules. Thus, differences between the species of human ESCs and ESCs of this non-human primate might be a useful model to further evaluate the exact mode of action of these compounds.

Embryonic stem cells of the non-human primate Callithrix jacchus can be differentiated into definitive endoderm by Activin-A but not IDE-1/2.

Small membrane-permeable molecules are now widely used during maintenance and differentiation of embryonic stem cells of different species. In particular the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is an interesting target, since its chemical inhibition activates the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. In the present comparative study four GSK3 inhibitors were characterized.

Cytotoxicity and activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells treated with four GSK3 inhibitors.

The activation of the TGF-beta pathway by activin A directs ES cells into the definitive endoderm germ layer. However, there is evidence that activin A/TGF-beta is not solely responsible for differentiation into definitive endoderm. GSK3beta inhibition has recently been shown to generate definitive endoderm-like cells from human ES cells via activation of the canonical Wnt-pathway. The GSK3beta inhibitor CHIR-99021 has been reported to generate mesoderm from human iPS cells. Thus, the specific role of the GSK3beta inhibitor CHIR-99021 was analyzed during the differentiation of human ES cells and compared against a classic endoderm differentiation protocol. At high concentrations of CHIR-99021, the cells were directed towards mesodermal cell fates, while low concentrations permitted mesodermal and endodermal differentiation. Finally, the analyses revealed that GSK3beta inhibition rapidly directed human ES cells into a primitive streak-like cell type independently from the TGF-beta pathway with mesoderm and endoderm differentiation potential. Addition of low activin A concentrations effectively differentiated these primitive streak-like cells into definitive endoderm. Thus, the in vitro differentiation of human ES cells into definitive endoderm is initially independent from the activin A/TGF-beta pathway but requires high canonical Wnt-signaling activity.

The generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells is initially independent from activin A but requires canonical Wnt-signaling.

Differentiation of pluripotent cells into endoderm-related cell types initially requires in vitro gastrulation into the definitive endoderm (DE). Most differentiation protocols are initiated from colonies of pluripotent cells complicating their adaption due to insufficiently defined starting conditions. The protocol described here was initiated from a defined cell number of dispersed single cells and tested on three different human embryonic stem cell lines and one human induced pluripotent stem cell line. Combined activation of ActivinA/Nodal signaling and GSK3 inhibition for the first 24 h, followed by ActivinA/Nodal signaling efficiently induced the DE state. Activation of ActivinA/Nodal signaling alone was not effective. Efficient GSK3 inhibition allowed the reduction of the ActivinA concentration during the entire protocol. A feeder-independent cultivation of pluripotent cells was preferred to achieve the high efficiency and robustness since feeder cells hindered the differentiation process. Additionally, inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway was not required, nonetheless yielding high cell numbers efficiently committed toward the DE. Finally, the endoderm generated could be differentiated further into PDX1-positive pan-pancreatic cells and NGN3-positive endocrine progenitors. Thus, this efficient and robust DE differentiation protocol is a step forward toward better reproducibility due to the well-defined conditions based on dispersed single cells from feeder-free-cultivated human pluripotent cells.

A reliable and efficient protocol for human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into the definitive endoderm based on dispersed single cells.

Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into cells of the definitive endoderm requires an in vitro gastrulation event. Differentiated somatic cells derived from this germ layer may then be used for cell replacement therapies of degenerative diseases of the liver, lung, and pancreas. Here we describe an endoderm differentiation protocol, which initiates the differentiation from a defined cell number of dispersed single cells and reliably yields in >70-80 % endoderm-committed cells in a short 5-day treatment regimen.

Generation and Purification of Definitive Endoderm Cells Generated from Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Recombinant lentiviral vectors are powerful tools to stably manipulate human pluripotent stem cells. They can be used to deliver ectopic genes, shRNAs, miRNAs, or any possible genetic DNA sequence into diving and nondividing cells. Here we describe a general protocol for the production of self-inactivating lentiviral vector particles and their purification to high titers by either ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration. Next we provide a basic procedure to transduce human pluripotent stem cells and propagate clonal cell lines.

Gene Transfer into Pluripotent Stem Cells via Lentiviral Transduction.

PMM2-CDG, formerly known as congenital disorder of glycosylation-Ia (CDG-Ia), is caused by mutations in the gene encoding phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2). This disease is the most frequent form of inherited CDG-diseases affecting protein N-glycosylation in human. PMM2-CDG is a multisystemic disease with severe psychomotor and mental retardation. In order to study the pathophysiology of PMM2-CDG in a human cell culture model, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of a PMM2-CDG-patient (PMM2-iPSCs). Expression of pluripotency factors and in vitro differentiation into cell types of the three germ layers was unaffected in the analyzed clone PMM2-iPSC-C3 compared to non-diseased human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), revealing no broader influence of the PMM2 mutation on pluripotency in cell culture. Analysis of gene expression by deep-sequencing did not show obvious differences in the transcriptome between PMM2-iPSC-C3 and non-diseased hPSCs. By multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF) we could show that PMM2-iPSC-C3 exhibit the common hPSC N-glycosylation pattern with high-mannose-type N-glycans as the predominant species. However, phosphomannomutase activity of PMM2-iPSC-C3 was 27% compared to control hPSCs and lectin staining revealed an overall reduced protein glycosylation. In addition, quantitative assessment of N-glycosylation by xCGE-LIF showed an up to 40% reduction of high-mannose-type N-glycans in PMM2-iPSC-C3, which was in concordance to the observed reduction of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 lipid-linked oligosaccharide compared to control hPSCs. Thus we could model the PMM2-CDG disease phenotype of hypoglycosylation with patient derived iPSCs in vitro. Knock-down of PMM2 by shRNA in PMM2-iPSC-C3 led to a residual activity of 5% and to a further reduction of the level of N-glycosylation. Taken together we have developed human stem cell-based cell culture models with stepwise reduced levels of N-glycosylation now enabling to study the role of N-glycosylation during early human development.

Glycomic characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient suffering from phosphomannomutase 2 congenital disorder of glycosylation.

Article	Year
Elevated circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in pseudoxanthoma elasticum patients. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)\| PubMed ID: 19575173	2009
Cryopreservation and quality control of mouse embryonic feeder cells. Cryobiology\| PubMed ID: 21810414	2011
Islet microarchitecture and glucose transporter expression of the pancreas of the marmoset monkey display similarities to the human. Islets\| PubMed ID: 22627676	2012
MicroRNA target sites as genetic tools to enhance promoter-reporter specificity for the purification of pancreatic progenitor cells from differentiated embryonic stem cells. Stem cell reviews\| PubMed ID: 23111459	2013
Embryonic stem cells of the non-human primate Callithrix jacchus can be differentiated into definitive endoderm by Activin-A but not IDE-1/2. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine\| PubMed ID: 23418163	2015
Cytotoxicity and activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in mouse embryonic stem cells treated with four GSK3 inhibitors. BMC research notes\| PubMed ID: 24779365	2014
The generation of definitive endoderm from human embryonic stem cells is initially independent from activin A but requires canonical Wnt-signaling. Stem cell reviews\| PubMed ID: 24913278	2014
A reliable and efficient protocol for human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into the definitive endoderm based on dispersed single cells. Stem cells and development\| PubMed ID: 25137387	2015
Generation and Purification of Definitive Endoderm Cells Generated from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 25762297	2016
Gene Transfer into Pluripotent Stem Cells via Lentiviral Transduction. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 25762298	2016
Glycomic characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a patient suffering from phosphomannomutase 2 congenital disorder of glycosylation. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP\| PubMed ID: 26785728	2016

Ulf Diekmann

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