the-assembly-application-shear-rings-novel-endothelial-model-for

The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as ...

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain. The fast inhibitory effect of GABA is mediated through the GABA(A) receptor, a postsynaptic ligand-gated chloride channel. We propose that GABA can act as a ligand chaperone in the early secretory pathway to facilitate GABA(A) receptor cell surface expression. Forty-two hours of GABA treatment increased the surface expression of recombinant receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells, an effect accompanied by an increase in GABA-gated chloride currents. In time-course experiments, a 1h GABA exposure, followed by a 5h incubation in GABA-free medium, was sufficient to increase receptor surface expression. A shorter GABA exposure could be used in HEK 293 cells stably transfected with the GABA transporter GAT-1. In rGAT-1HEK 293 cells, the GABA effect was blocked by the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711, indicating that GABA was acting intracellularly. The effect of GABA was prevented by brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of early secretory pathway trafficking. Coexpression of GABA(A) receptors with the GABA synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) also resulted in an increase in receptor surface levels. GABA treatment failed to promote the surface expression of GABA binding site mutant receptors, which themselves were poorly expressed at the surface. Consistent with an intracellular action of GABA, we show that GABA does not act by stabilizing surface receptors. Furthermore, GABA treatment rescued the surface expression of a receptor construct that was retained within the secretory pathway. Lastly, the lipophilic competitive antagonist (+)bicuculline promoted receptor surface expression, including the rescue of a secretory pathway-retained receptor. Our results indicate that a neurotransmitter can act as a ligand chaperone in the early secretory pathway to regulate the surface expression of its receptor. This effect appears to rely on binding site occupancy, rather than agonist-induced structural changes, since chaperoning is observed with both an agonist and a competitive antagonist.

GABA acts as a ligand chaperone in the early secretory pathway to promote cell surface expression of GABAA receptors.

Reports of altered retinal blood flow in experimental models of type I diabetes have provided contrasting results, which leads to some confusion as to whether flow is increased or decreased. The purpose of our study was to evaluate early diabetes-induced changes in retinal blood flow in diabetic rats, using two distinctly different methods.

Measurement of retinal blood flow rate in diabetic rats: disparity between techniques due to redistribution of flow.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease suffer not only from gut inflammation, but also from extraintestinal manifestations of the disease, including ocular pathology. The mechanisms causing ocular inflammation in these patients are unknown. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the possible vascular changes occurring in the retina using a mouse model of acute colitis, that is, ingestion of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Intravital microscopy of anesthetized mice revealed that DSS caused a significant 30-40% decrease in retinal red blood cell velocities, and a 45% decrease in total retinal blood flow, but no changes in intraocular pressure. To determine whether the decreases in retinal perfusion could be inhibited by an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, losartan was administered by eye drops in a subset of the mice prior to the intravital microscopy measurements. Topical losartan was able to largely attenuate the altered hemodynamics induced by DSS. We conclude that angiotensin II might be a possible target for reducing the vascular changes occurring distantly in the eye during colitis.

Decreased retinal blood flow in experimental colitis; improvement by eye drop administration of losartan.

Retinal tissue receives its supply of oxygen from two sources - the retinal and choroidal circulations. Decreases in retinal blood flow occur in the early stages of diabetes, with the eventual development of hypoxia thought to contribute to pathological neovascularization. Oxygen consumption in the retina has been found to decrease in diabetes, possibly due to either a reduction in neuronal metabolism or to cell death. Diabetes also enhances the rate of conversion of oxygen to superoxide in the retina, with experimental evidence suggesting that mitochondrial superoxide not only drives the overall production of reactive oxygen species, but also initiates several pathways leading to retinopathy, including the increased activity of the polyol and hexosamine pathways, increased production of advanced glycation end products and expression of their receptors, and activation of protein kinase C.

Oxygen delivery, consumption, and conversion to reactive oxygen species in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy.

GABAA receptors mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. Dysfunction of these receptors is associated with various psychiatric/neurological disorders and drugs targeting this receptor are widely used therapeutic agents. Both the efficacy and plasticity of GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission depends on the number of surface GABAA receptors. An understudied aspect of receptor cell surface expression is the post-translational regulation of receptor biogenesis within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have previously shown that exogenous GABA can act as a ligand chaperone of recombinant GABAA receptors in the early secretory pathway leading us to now investigate whether endogenous GABA facilitates the biogenesis of GABAA receptors in primary cerebral cortical cultures. In immunofluorescence labeling experiments, we have determined that neurons expressing surface GABAA receptors contain both GABA and its degradative enzyme GABA transaminase (GABA-T). Treatment of neurons with GABA-T inhibitors, a treatment known to increase intracellular GABA levels, decreases the interaction of the receptor with the ER quality control protein calnexin, concomittantly increasing receptor forward-trafficking and plasma membrane insertion. The effect of GABA-T inhibition on the receptor/calnexin interaction is not due to the activation of surface GABAA or GABAB receptors. Consistent with our hypothesis that GABA acts as a cognate ligand chaperone in the ER, immunogold-labeling of rodent brain slices reveals the presence of GABA within the rough ER. The density of this labeling is similar to that present in mitochondria, the organelle in which GABA is degraded. Lastly, the effect of GABA-T inhibition on the receptor/calnexin interaction was prevented by pretreatment with a GABA transporter inhibitor. Together, these data indicate that endogenous GABA acts in the rough ER as a cognate ligand chaperone to facilitate the biogenesis of neuronal GABAA receptors.

Article	Year
GABA acts as a ligand chaperone in the early secretory pathway to promote cell surface expression of GABAA receptors. Brain research\| PubMed ID: 20580636	2010
Measurement of retinal blood flow rate in diabetic rats: disparity between techniques due to redistribution of flow. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science\| PubMed ID: 23572104	2013
Decreased retinal blood flow in experimental colitis; improvement by eye drop administration of losartan. Experimental eye research\| PubMed ID: 23830910	2013
Oxygen delivery, consumption, and conversion to reactive oxygen species in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. Redox biology\| PubMed ID: 24936440	2014
Neuronal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors undergo cognate ligand chaperoning in the endoplasmic reticulum by endogenous GABA. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 26041994	2015

Randa Eshaq

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