evaporation-reducing-culture-condition-increases-reproducibility

Evaporation-reducing Culture Condition Increases the Reproducibility of Multicellular Spheroid Formation in Microtiter Plates

Tumor models that closely imitate in vivo conditions are becoming increasingly popular in drug discovery and development for the screening of potential ...

Palacky University in Olomouc

Many cellular organelles must travel long distances in neurons to perform their specific functions, and this transport is highly dependent on the microtubule network within the axon. Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated tau protein destabilizes microtubules and leads to neuronal cell death. This destabilization can be corrected in part by treatment with microtubule-stabilizing drugs such as paclitaxel and epothilone. The phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid inhibits the outgrowth of neurites in neuronal cell cultures by hyperphosphorylating tau protein. In this study using neuronal cultures derived from the cerebral cortex of early postnatal Sprague-Dawley rats, we examined whether stabilization of microtubules by peloruside A, a microtubule-stabilizing agent that binds to a different site on β-tubulin from paclitaxel, could counter the deleterious effects of 8 h exposure to 15 nm okadaic acid. Peloruside A reversed the decrease in axonal outgrowth and branching seen in neuronal cultures treated with okadaic acid and rescued neurons from growth cone collapse. Although peloruside A had no effect on the hyperphosphorylation of tau caused by okadaic acid, it restored the levels of acetylated tubulin, a marker of stable microtubules, and reversed the okadaic acid-induced depression of growth-associated protein-43, an axonal growth regulator. Thus, microtubule-stabilizing drugs show promise as new therapeutic agents for treating damaged microtubule networks characteristic of neurodegenerative disease.

Microtubule stabilization by peloruside A and paclitaxel rescues degenerating neurons from okadaic acid-induced tau phosphorylation.

Microtubule-stabilizing drugs are useful in cancer therapy and show promise for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. An overlapping binding site between tau and taxoid site drugs has led to a number of research papers investigating the competitive interaction between these drugs and the microtubule. This has implications for cancer treatment since increased tau could confer resistance to paclitaxel. Variations in the tau isoform ratio have also been reported in tauopathies, especially the rise in the levels of the four-repeat tau isoform. Therefore, in conditions of increased or altered expression of tau and its isoforms, a therapy that is not directly affected by changes in tau is desirable. Peloruside A and laulimalide are of particular interest in this respect because of their distinct binding site on the microtubule in relation to the clinically used drugs paclitaxel and ixabepilone. In the present study, we show that peloruside A and laulimalide stabilize microtubules independently of tau overexpression; whereas, the effects of paclitaxel and ixabepilone are masked by the presence of extra tau in the cell.

Non-taxoid site microtubule-stabilizing drugs work independently of tau overexpression in mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells.

An important aspect of synaptic plasticity in the brain is axonal transport of essential components such as mitochondria from the soma to the synapse. For uninterrupted transport of cellular cargo down the axon, functional microtubules are required. Altered microtubule dynamics induced by changes in expression of microtubule-associated tau protein affects normal microtubule function and interferes with axonal transport. Here we investigate the effects of the nontaxoid-binding-site microtubule-stabilizing agents peloruside A (PelA) and laulimalide, compared with the taxoid-site-binding agents paclitaxel (Ptx) and ixabepilone, on axonal transport of mitochondria in 1-day-old rat pup cerebral cortical neuron cultures. The differences in effects of these two types of compound on mitochondrial trafficking were specifically compared under conditions of excess tau expression. PelA and laulimalide had no adverse effects on their own on mitochondrial transport compared with Ptx and ixabepilone, which inhibited mitochondrial run length at higher concentrations. PelA, like Ptx, was able to partially reverse the blocked mitochondrial transport seen in ECFP-htau40-overexpressing neurons, although at higher concentrations of microtubule-stabilizing agent, the PelA response was improved over the Ptx response. These results support a neuroprotective effect of microtubule stabilization in maintaining axonal transport in neurons overexpressing tau protein and may be beneficial in reducing the severity of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.

Effect of taxoid and nontaxoid site microtubule-stabilizing agents on axonal transport of mitochondria in untransfected and ECFP-htau40-transfected rat cortical neurons in culture.

Polyglutamylation of tubulin and other non-tubulin substrates is a reversible posttranslational modification brought about by tubulin tyrosine-like ligases. Altered polyglutamylation is linked to tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs that target the microtubule, and therefore is a potential pharmacological target in cancer therapy. Despite the large amount of research focused on the development of anticancer agents, only a small number of well-characterized inhibitors of polyglutamylases have been identified, including the phosphinic acid-based inhibitors of Ttll7. In this minireview, we summarize the role of polyglutamylation in cancer, and draw attention to the largely unexplored area of polyglutamylase inhibition in the treatment of cancer.

Potential role of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like enzymes in tumorigenesis and cancer cell resistance.

Microtubules, an important cytoskeletal protein involved in mitotic and non-mitotic functions of cells, are important targets in cancer therapy. Microtubule-stabilizing drugs like the taxanes are critical adjuvant and palliative first-line therapies for the treatment of early, advanced and metastatic solid tumors of different lineages. Their adverse on- and off-target effects and high susceptibility to multidrug resistance, however, are major challenges encountered in the clinic in the treatment of solid cancers. Although biochemical resistance to microtubule-stabilizing drugs has been well characterized, molecular mechanisms that contribute to clinical resistance to taxanes in solid tumors still remain poorly understood and uncontrolled. The heterogeneous tumor microenvironment leads to greater diversity of resistance mechanisms to taxanes. Tumor hypoxia, a prominent feature of solid tumors, results in a broad range of effects on a number of cellular pathways and is one of the major contributors to the development of resistance to not only microtubule-stabilizing drugs but also other anticancer drugs. In this review, we highlight the potential role of hypoxia in the development of resistance to taxanes through mechanisms that involve altering the cell cycle, changing the properties of microtubules, and inducing the overexpression of gene products that contribute to drug resistance. Hypoxia-induced challenges described in this review are not limited to microtubule-stabilizing drugs alone, but in many cases also impact on treatment with non-microtubule-targeting anticancer drugs.

Role of tumor hypoxia in acquisition of resistance to microtubule-stabilizing drugs.

The alarming rate of failure of clinical trials is a major hurdle in cancer therapy that partly results from the inadequate use of in vitro tumor models for the screening of promising hits and leads in preclinical studies. 2D cultures of cancer cell lines that are primarily used for drug screening do not adequately recapitulate tumor microenvironment (TME) complexities compared with 3D cancer cell cultures and tumor-derived primary cell cultures. In this review, we focus on the potential use of in vitro tumor models that reproduce in vivo tumor complexities for effective drug selection in the preclinical stages of drug development.

Pathophysiologically relevant in vitro tumor models for drug screening.

Spheroid cultures of cancer cells reproduce the spatial dimension-induced in vivo tumor traits more effectively than the conventional two-dimensional cell cultures. With growing interest in spheroids for high-throughput screening (HTS) assays, there is an increasing demand for cost-effective miniaturization of reproducible spheroids in microtiter plates (MPs). However, well-to-well variability in spheroid size, shape, and growth is a frequently encountered problem with almost every culture method that has prevented the transfer of spheroids to the HTS platform. This variability partly arises due to increased susceptibility of MPs to edge effects and evaporation-induced changes in the growth of spheroids. In this study, we examined the effect of evaporation on the reproducibility of spheroids of tumor and nontumor cell lines in 384-well plates, and show that culture conditions that prevent evaporation-induced medium loss result in the formation of uniform spheroids across the plate. Additionally, we also present a few technical improvements to increase the scalability of the liquid-overlay spheroid culturing technique in MPs, together with a simple software routine for the quantification of spheroid size. We believe that these cost-effective improvements will aid in further improvement of spheroid cultures for HTS drug discovery.

Reproducibility of Uniform Spheroid Formation in 384-Well Plates: The Effect of Medium Evaporation.

Aberrant DNA methylation that results in silencing of genes has remained a significant interest in cancer research. Despite major advances, the success of epigenetic therapy is elusive due to narrow therapeutic window. A wide variety of naturally occurring epigenetic agents and synthetic molecules that can alter methylation patterns exist, however, their usefulness in epigenetic therapy remains unknown. This underlines the need for effective tumor models for large-scale screening of drug candidates with potent hypomethylation activity. In this study, we present the development of a cell-based DNA demethylation detection system, which is amenable for high content screening of epigenetic drugs in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture models. Additionally, the detection system also supports the in vivo monitoring of demethylation efficacy of potential lead compounds from in vitro screens in tumor xenografts. The described detection system not only permits the continuous monitoring of demethylation but also of the induced cytostatic/cytotoxic drug effects in live cells, as a function of time. The detection system is fluorescence based and exploits the dominant ability of DNA methylation to inhibit gene transcription, and utilizes FLJ32130 gene, which is silenced on account of promoter hypermethylation in human colorectal cancer. The described work will provide the researchers with an efficient tool for epigenetic drug screens on a high throughput platform and would therefore benefit academic and industrial drug discovery. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Article	Year
Microtubule stabilization by peloruside A and paclitaxel rescues degenerating neurons from okadaic acid-induced tau phosphorylation. The European journal of neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 22594877	2012
Non-taxoid site microtubule-stabilizing drugs work independently of tau overexpression in mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. Brain research\| PubMed ID: 23085090	2012
Effect of taxoid and nontaxoid site microtubule-stabilizing agents on axonal transport of mitochondria in untransfected and ECFP-htau40-transfected rat cortical neurons in culture. Journal of neuroscience research\| PubMed ID: 24788108	2014
Potential role of tubulin tyrosine ligase-like enzymes in tumorigenesis and cancer cell resistance. Cancer letters\| PubMed ID: 24814394	2014
Role of tumor hypoxia in acquisition of resistance to microtubule-stabilizing drugs. Biochimica et biophysica acta\| PubMed ID: 25662312	2015
Pathophysiologically relevant in vitro tumor models for drug screening. Drug discovery today\| PubMed ID: 25908576	2015
Reproducibility of Uniform Spheroid Formation in 384-Well Plates: The Effect of Medium Evaporation. Journal of biomolecular screening\| PubMed ID: 27226477	2016
Cell-based DNA demethylation detection system for screening of epigenetic drugs in 2D, 3D, and xenograft models. Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology\| PubMed ID: 27911980	2017

Viswanath Das

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