quadruple-immunostaining-olfactory-bulb-for-visualization-olfactory

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory ...

The University of Tokyo

Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)

the university of tokyo

In the mouse, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing the same odorant receptor (OR) converge their axons to a specific set of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. To study how OR-instructed axonal fasciculation is controlled, we searched for genes whose expression profiles are correlated with the expressed ORs. Using the transgenic mouse in which the majority of OSNs express a particular OR, we identified such genes coding for the homophilic adhesive molecules Kirrel2/Kirrel3 and repulsive molecules ephrin-A5/EphA5. In the CNGA2 knockout mouse, where the odor-evoked cation influx is disrupted, Kirrel2 and EphA5 were downregulated, while Kirrel3 and ephrin-A5 were upregulated, indicating that these genes are transcribed in an activity-dependent manner. Mosaic analysis demonstrated that gain of function of these genes generates duplicated glomeruli. We propose that a specific set of adhesive/repulsive molecules, whose expression levels are determined by OR molecules, regulate the axonal fasciculation of OSNs during the process of glomerular map formation.

A neuronal identity code for the odorant receptor-specific and activity-dependent axon sorting.

In the mouse olfactory system, the anatomical locations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) roughly correlate with their axonal projection sites along the dorsal-ventral (D-V) axis of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here we report that an axon guidance receptor, Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), and its repulsive ligand, Semaphorin-3F (Sema3F), are expressed by OSNs in a complementary manner that is important for establishing olfactory map topography. Sema3F is secreted by early-arriving axons of OSNs and is deposited at the anterodorsal OB to repel Nrp2-positive axons that arrive later. Sequential arrival of OSN axons as well as the graded and complementary expression of Nrp2 and Sema3F by OSNs help to form the topographic order along the D-V axis.

Sequential arrival and graded secretion of Sema3F by olfactory neuron axons specify map topography at the bulb.

In the mouse olfactory system, the anatomical locations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) correlate with their axonal projection sites along the dorsoventral axis of the olfactory bulb (OB). We have previously reported that Neuropilin-2 expressed by ventral-zone OSNs contributes to the segregation of dorsal and ventral OSN axons, and that Slit is acting as a negative land mark to restrict the projection of Robo2+, early-arriving OSN axons to the embryonic OB. Here, we report that another guidance receptor, Robo1, also plays an important role in guiding OSN axons. Knockout mice for Robo1 demonstrated defects in targeting of OSN axons to the OB. Although Robo1 is colocalized with dorsal-zone OSN axons, it is not produced by OSNs, but instead by olfactory ensheathing cells. These findings indicate a novel strategy of axon guidance in the mouse olfactory system during development.

Possible roles of Robo1+ ensheathing cells in guiding dorsal-zone olfactory sensory neurons in mouse.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to possess two different conformations, active and inactive, and they spontaneously alternate between the two in the absence of ligands. Here, we analyzed the agonist-independent GPCR activity for its possible role in receptor-instructed axonal projection. We generated transgenic mice expressing activity mutants of the β2-adrenergic receptor, a well-characterized GPCR with the highest homology to odorant receptors (ORs). We found that mutants with altered agonist-independent activity changed the transcription levels of axon-targeting molecules--e.g., Neuropilin-1 and Plexin-A1--but not of glomerular segregation molecules--e.g., Kirrel2 and Kirrel3--thus causing shifts in glomerular locations along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Knockout and in vitro experiments demonstrated that Gs, but not Golf, is responsible for mediating the agonist-independent GPCR activity. We conclude that the equilibrium of conformational transitions set by each OR is the major determinant of expression levels of A-P-targeting molecules.

Agonist-independent GPCR activity regulates anterior-posterior targeting of olfactory sensory neurons.

Musk odorants are used widely in cosmetic industries because of their fascinating animalic scent. However, how this aroma is perceived in the mammalian olfactory system remains a great mystery. Here, we show that muscone, one musk odor secreted by various animals from stink glands, activates a few glomeruli clustered in a neuroanatomically unique anteromedial olfactory bulb. The muscone-responsive glomeruli are highly specific to macrocyclic ketones; interestingly, other synthetic musk odorants with nitro or polycyclic moieties or ester bonds activate distinct but nearby glomeruli. Anterodorsal bulbar lesions cause muscone anosmia, suggesting that this region is involved in muscone perception. Finally, we identified the mouse olfactory receptor, MOR215-1, that was a specific muscone receptor expressed by neurons innervating the muscone-responsive anteromedial glomeruli and also the human muscone receptor, OR5AN1. The current study documents the olfactory neural pathway in mice that senses and transmits musk signals from receptor to brain.

Olfactory receptor and neural pathway responsible for highly selective sensing of musk odors.

In the mouse olfactory system, odorants are detected by ~1,000 different odorant receptors (ORs) produced by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Each OSN expresses only one functional OR species, which is referred to as the "one neuron-one receptor" rule. Furthermore, OSN axons bearing the same OR converge to a specific projection site in the olfactory bulb (OB) forming a glomerular structure, i.e., the "one glomerulus-one receptor" rule. Based on these basic rules, binding signals of odorants detected by OSNs are converted to topographic information of activated glomeruli in the OB. During development, the glomerular map is formed by the combination of two genetically programmed processes: one is OR-independent projection along the dorsal-ventral axis, and the other is OR-dependent projection along the anterior-posterior axis. The map is further refined in an activity-dependent manner during the neonatal period. Here, we summarize recent progress of neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system.

Neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system.

In the mouse olfactory system, the axons of olfactory sensory neurons that express the same type of odorant receptor (OR) converge to a specific set of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB). It is widely accepted that expressed OR molecules instruct glomerular segregation by regulating the expression of axon-sorting molecules. Although the relationship between the expression of axon-sorting molecules and OR types has been analyzed in detail, those between the expressions of axon-sorting molecules remain to be elucidated. Here we collected the expression profiles of four axon-sorting molecules from a large number of glomeruli in the OB. These molecules demonstrated position-independent mosaic expressions, but their patterns were not identical in the OB. Comparing their expressions identified positive and negative correlations between several pairs of genes even though they showed various expressions. Furthermore, the principal component analysis revealed that the factor loadings in the principal component 1, which explain the largest amount of variation, were most likely to reflect the degree of the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel dependence on the expression of axon-sorting molecules. Thus, neural activity generated through the CNG channel is a major component in the generation of a wide variety of expressions of axon-sorting molecules in glomerular segregation.

Differential expression of axon-sorting molecules in mouse olfactory sensory neurons.

The mammalian primary olfactory system has a spatially-ordered projection in which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VL) region of the olfactory epithelium (OE) send their axons to the dorsal and ventral region of the olfactory bulb (OB), respectively. We previously found that OSN axonal projections occur sequentially, from the DM to the VL region of the OE. The differential timing of axonal projections is important for olfactory map formation because early-arriving OSN axons secrete guidance cues at the OB to help navigate late-arriving OSN axons. We hypothesized that the differential timing of axonal projections is regulated by the timing of OSN neurogenesis. To test this idea, we investigated spatiotemporal patterns of OSN neurogenesis during olfactory development.

Article	Year
A neuronal identity code for the odorant receptor-specific and activity-dependent axon sorting. Cell\| PubMed ID: 17129788	2006
Sequential arrival and graded secretion of Sema3F by olfactory neuron axons specify map topography at the bulb. Cell\| PubMed ID: 20550939	2010
Possible roles of Robo1+ ensheathing cells in guiding dorsal-zone olfactory sensory neurons in mouse. Developmental neurobiology\| PubMed ID: 23821580	2013
Agonist-independent GPCR activity regulates anterior-posterior targeting of olfactory sensory neurons. Cell\| PubMed ID: 24034253	2013
Olfactory receptor and neural pathway responsible for highly selective sensing of musk odors. Neuron\| PubMed ID: 24361078	2014
Neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS\| PubMed ID: 24638094	2014
Differential expression of axon-sorting molecules in mouse olfactory sensory neurons. The European journal of neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 27207328	2016
Differential timing of neurogenesis underlies dorsal-ventral topographic projection of olfactory sensory neurons. Neural development\| PubMed ID: 28193234	2017

Haruki Takeuchi

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