composition-properties-aquafaba-water-recovered-from-commercially

Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce ...

University of Saskatchewan

The diastereoselectivity of the aldol reaction of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one (3) with 1,4-dioxa-8-thiaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxaldehyde (9a) under a variety of conditions is examined. Under optimized conditions, three of the four possible diastereomers from this aldol reaction can be obtained selectively (3-16:1). Reactions of 9a with the Li, B, Mg(II), and Ti(IV) enolates of 3 and with the corresponding trimethylsilyl enol ether 4b in the presence of BF(3) x OEt(2), SnCl(4), or TiCl(4) as promoters gave the Felkin adducts exclusively (>95%) as mixtures of syn (11a) and anti (12a) diastereomers. Use of the "amine-free" Li enolate of 3 gave 12a with a much higher diastereoselectivity (9:1) and yield (70%) than that obtained using the lithium diisopropylamide-generated Li enolate of 3 (2-3:1; 15-40%). The TiCl(4)-promoted reaction of 4b with 9a gave 11a with excellent selectivity (16:1). In contrast, the MgBr(2) x OEt(2)-promoted reaction of 4b with 9a gave the anti-Felkin adducts exclusively as a 3:1 mixture of syn (13a)/anti (14a) diastereomers. Similar aldol reactions of 3 with the cis and trans isomers of 4-(methoxy)methoxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-carboxaldehyde (9b and 9c) were examined to probe the influence of the ketal protecting group in 9a on the observed aldol diastereoselectivity. The results are rationalized by applying Evans' stereochemical model for merged 1,2- and 1,3-asymmetric induction (non-chelation), with the exception of the MgBr(2) x OEt(2)-promoted reactions of 4b with 9a, 9b, and 9c, which are accommodated by assuming chelation control. Comparison of the reactions of 9a, 9b, and 9c suggests that the ketal group in 9a uniquely allows high levels of either Felkin or anti-Felkin selectivity to be achieved.

Influence of the beta-alkoxy group on the diastereoselectivity of Aldol reactions of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one with 4-Alkoxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-carboxaldehydes.

The total synthesis of (-)-cyathin A3 is described. The key step involves an unusual enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-pentadiene, using Mikami's catalyst [(R)-BINOL + Cl2Ti(OiPr)2 + 4 A mol sieves] modified by addition of Mg and SiO2. Because cyathin A3 is easily transformed into allocyathin B3, cyathin B3, cyathin C3, and neoallocyathin A4, this route also constitutes formal syntheses of these natural products.

Enantioselective total synthesis of cyathin A3.

Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) are found naturally in ruminant-derived foods. CLA has been shown to have numerous potential health related effects and has been extensively investigated. More recently, we have shown that VA has lipid-lowering properties associated with reduced hepatic lipidogenesis and chylomicron secretion in the JCR:LA-cp rat. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential additional hypolipidemic effects of purified forms of CLA and VA in an animal model of the metabolic syndrome (the JCR:LA-cp rat).

Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [K(C(3)H(7)O(3))](n) or K[H(2)gl](n), common name potassium glycerolate, contains half the K(+) cation and half of the glycerolate anion. The other half of the anion is generated through a mirror plane passing through the K atom, and a C, an H and an O atom of the glycerolate ligand. The K(+) ion is coordinated by the O atoms of the OH groups, leading to a six-membered chelate ring that adopts a very distorted boat conformation. The negatively charged O atom of the glycerolate anion, [H(2)gl(-)], is found in the flagpole position and forms an ionic bond with the K(+) ion. The O atoms of the hydroxo groups are coordinated to two K(+) ions, whereas the negatively charged O atom is bonded to one K(+) ion. The K(+) ion is coordinated by three other symmetry-related monodentate H(2)gl(-) ligands, so that each H(2)gl(-) ligand is bonded to two K(+) ions, and the potassium has a seven-coordinate environment. The H(2)gl(-) ligands are connected via a strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bond and, together with the K⋯O inter-connections, form polymeric sheets which propagate in the directions of the a and b axes.

Poly[μ-(1,3-dihy-droxy-propan-2-olato)-potassium].

The Na(+) cation in the title compound, [Na(C(3)H(7)O(3))](n) or Na[H(2)gl], is coordinated by five O atoms leading to a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. The negatively charged O atom of the glycerolate anion is in an equatorial position, and the O atom of the hydroxo group, attached to the secondary C atom, occupies an axial position completing a five-membered non-planar chelate ring; this defines the asymmetric unit. The Na(+) cation is coordinated by three other symmetry-related monodentate H(2)gl(-) ligands, so that each H(2)gl(-) ligand is bonded to four Na(+) ions. The H(2)gl(-) ligands are connected via strong O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and these, together with the Na⋯O inter-connections, are responsible for the formation of polymeric sheets which propagate in the directions of the b and c axes.

Poly[μ-2,3-dihydroxy-propan-1-olato-sodium].

Three monolithic C(18)-bonded silica gel columns i.e. Chromolith SpeedROD (CSR), Chromolith Performance (CP), and Chromolith High Resolution (CHR), MerckKGaA Darmstadt, Germany and two particle-based columns i.e. ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C(18) (ZEX), Agilent and POROS R1/20 (POR), Applied Biosystems were compared for their performance in separating a mixture of flaxseed cyclolinopeptides (CLs). Gradient mobile phases of acetonitrile and water were optimized for each column. The performance of CHR column in profiling CL standards, measured as the resolution of individual CL, selectivity, and peak asymmetry exceeded the performance of traditional particle-packed columns and the other monolithic columns. The profiling of CLs in aqueous methanolic flaxseed extract was optimized for high-throughput analysis. A total analysis time of 1.5 min at a flow rate of 3.0mLmin(-1) was achieved on a CSR column. Injection of over 2000 methanol extracts of flaxseed on a CSR column had no impact on backpressure or resolution of a standard CL mixture.

Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of cyclolinopeptides with monolithic and microparticulate columns.

Trans11-18:1 (vaccenic acid, VA) is one of the most predominant naturally occurring trans fats in our food chain and has recently been shown to exert hypolipidemic effects in animal models. In this study, we reveal new mechanism(s) by which VA can alter body fat distribution, energy utilization and dysfunctional lipid metabolism in an animal model of obesity displaying features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Obese JCR:LA-cp rats were assigned to a control diet that included dairy-derived fat or the control diet supplemented with 1% VA. VA reduced total body fat (-6%), stimulated adipose tissue redistribution [reduced mesenteric fat (-17%) while increasing inguinal fat mass (29%)] and decreased adipocyte size (-44%) versus control rats. VA supplementation also increased metabolic rate (7%) concomitantly with an increased preference for whole-body glucose utilization for oxidation and increased insulin sensitivity [lower HOMA-IR (-59%)]. Further, VA decreased nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores (-34%) and reduced hepatic (-27%) and intestinal (-39%) triglyceride secretion relative to control diet, while exerting differential transcriptional regulation of SREBP1 and FAS amongst other key genes in the liver and the intestine. Adding VA to dairy fat alleviates features of MetS potentially by remodeling adipose tissue and attenuating ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of obesity and MetS. Increasing VA content in the diet (naturally or by fortification) may be a useful approach to maximize the health value of dairy-derived fats.

Diets enriched in trans-11 vaccenic acid alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome.

Flax cyclic peptides (orbitides, linusorbs (LOs)) [1-8-NαC],[1-MetO2]-linusorb B1 ([MetO2]-LO1) and [1-9-NαC],[1-MetO2]-linusorb B2 ([MetO2]-LO2) are biologically active. These LOs lack active nuclei commonly used in peptide modification. We have developed reactions to activate methionine methyl sulphide to produce stable derivatives. In these reactions, LOs are converted to sulfonium intermediates and subsequently to derivatives containing active nuclei while preserving their fundamental structures. The reaction conditions preserved cyclic peptide fundamental structure and organic solvent solubility. [Met]-LO1 and [Met]-LO2 analogues containing activated groups (-CN, -COOEt, and -NH2 ) in the form of methionine, methionine (S)-oxide, and methionine (S,S)-dioxide amino acids were synthesized and characterized by LCMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Coumarin orbitide complexes produced in this manner bind Eu(3+) yielding FRET compounds that absorb energy through coumarin antennae and emit photons at lanthanide wavelengths.

Site Covalent Modification of Methionyl Peptides for the Production of FRET Complexes.

Vaccenic acid (VA), the predominant ruminant-derived trans fat in the food chain, ameliorates hyperlipidemia yet mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated whether VA could influence tissue endocannabinoids (EC) by altering the availability of their biosynthetic precursor, arachidonic acid (AA) in membrane phospholipids (PL). JCR:LA-cp rats were assigned to a control diet (CD) with/without VA (1% w/w), cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (1% w/w) or VA+CLA (1%+0.5% w/w) for 8 weeks. VA reduced the EC 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the liver and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) relative to CD (P<0.001) but did not change AA in tissue PL. There was no additive effect of combining VA+CLA on 2-AG relative to VA alone (P>0.05). Interestingly, VA increased jejunal concentrations of anandamide and those of the non-cannabinoid signaling molecules, oleoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide, relative to CD (P<0.05). This was consistent with a lower jejunal protein abundance (but not activity) of their degrading enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase and mRNA expression TNFα and IL-1β (P<0.05). The ability of VA to reduce 2-AG in the liver and VAT provides a potential mechanistic explanation to alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation. The opposing regulation of EC and other non-cannabinoid lipid signaling molecules by VA suggests an activation of benefit via the EC system in the intestine.

Vaccenic acid suppresses intestinal inflammation by increasing the endocannabinoid anandamide and non-cannabinoid signaling molecules in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome.

In 2015, an International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Task Group was formed to develop nomenclature recommendations for homodetic cyclic peptides produced from ribosomal precursors. Delegates of the 2015 International Conference on Circular Proteins (ICCP) were presented with the strengths and weaknesses of four published approaches to homodetic cyclic peptide nomenclature, and a summary of the ensuing discussion is presented here. This interim report presents a potentially novel suggestion-the use of Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules to specify amino acid priority in homodetic peptides for consistent numbering. Indeed, this might be the first extension of the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules in five decades. The authors invite interested parties to contact the corresponding author with suggestions for the improvement of the proposed nomenclature; these ideas will be discussed and considered for inclusion in the final report.

Nomenclature of homodetic cyclic peptides produced from ribosomal precursors: An IUPAC task group interim report.

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) meal contains cyanogenic glycosides (CGs) and the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1). Gluten-free (GF) doughs and baked goods were produced with added flaxseed meal (20%, w/w) then 1, and CGs were determined in fortified flour, dough, and bread with storage (0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks) at different temperatures (-18, 4, and 22-23 °C). 1 was present in flour, dough, and GF bread after baking. 1 was stable with extensive storage (up to 4 weeks) and was not affected by storage temperature. CGs in flaxseed meal and fortified GF samples were analyzed by 1H NMR of the cyanohydrins. Linamarin and/or linustatin were the primary CGs in both flaxseed meal and fortified flour. CGs decreased with storage in dough fortified with flaxseed meal or GF bread after baking. GF bakery food products fortified with flaxseed meal had reduced CGs but remained a good source of dietary 1.

Article	Year
Influence of the beta-alkoxy group on the diastereoselectivity of Aldol reactions of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one with 4-Alkoxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-carboxaldehydes. The Journal of organic chemistry\| PubMed ID: 11871895	2002
Enantioselective total synthesis of cyathin A3. Organic letters\| PubMed ID: 17580883	2007
Increased hypolipidemic benefits of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in combination with trans-11 vaccenic acid in a rodent model of the metabolic syndrome, the JCR:LA-cp rat. Nutrition & metabolism\| PubMed ID: 20633302	2010
Poly[μ-(1,3-dihy-droxy-propan-2-olato)-potassium]. Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online\| PubMed ID: 21522827	2011
Poly[μ-2,3-dihydroxy-propan-1-olato-sodium]. Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online\| PubMed ID: 21579288	2010
Rapid reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of cyclolinopeptides with monolithic and microparticulate columns. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences\| PubMed ID: 22898105	2012
Diets enriched in trans-11 vaccenic acid alleviate ectopic lipid accumulation in a rat model of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry\| PubMed ID: 24775093	2014
Site Covalent Modification of Methionyl Peptides for the Production of FRET Complexes. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)\| PubMed ID: 26434760	2015
Vaccenic acid suppresses intestinal inflammation by increasing the endocannabinoid anandamide and non-cannabinoid signaling molecules in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome. Journal of lipid research\| PubMed ID: 26891736	2016
Nomenclature of homodetic cyclic peptides produced from ribosomal precursors: An IUPAC task group interim report. Biopolymers\| PubMed ID: 27554762	2016
Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Cyanogenic Glycosides in Gluten-free Bread Fortified with Flaxseed Meal. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry\| PubMed ID: 27998066	2016

Jianheng Shen

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