a-neural-network-based-identification-developmentally-competent-or

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

University of Pavia

Within species, populations differing by chromosomal rearrangements ("chromosomal races") may become reproductively isolated in association with reduced hybrid fertility due to meiotic aberrations. Speciation is also possible if hybridizing chromosomal races accumulate genetic differences because of reduced meiotic recombination in the heterozygous configuration in hybrids. Here, we examine recombination in pure races and hybrids within a model system for chromosomal speciation: the hybridization of the Poschiavo (CHPO) and Upper Valtellina (IUVA) chromosomal races of house mouse in Upper Valtellina, Italy. These races differ by Robertsonian fusions/whole-arm reciprocal translocations, such that hybrids produce a pentavalent meiotic configuration. We determined the number and position of the recombination points (using an antibody against the MutL homolog 1 [MLH1] protein) on synaptonemal complexes at pachytene in laboratory-reared CHPO, IUVA, and hybrid males, analyzing at least 112 spermatocytes per karyotypic group, up to a total of 534 spermatocytes. The mean ± standard deviation numbers of MLH1 foci per spermatocyte were 22.2 ± 3.2, 20.1 ± 2.9, 20.7 ± 2.3, and 21.9 ± 2.9 for CHPO, IUVA, CHPO × IUVA, and IUVA × CHPO, respectively. Altogether, 10,146 chromosome arms were examined, allowing multiple comparisons. Overall, recombination events were more frequently distal than proximal or interstitial. The average number of proximal MLH1 foci per chromosome arm decreased going from telocentric to metacentric bivalents to pentavalents (when present), which (together with other factors) influenced the average number of MLH1 foci per cell between CHPO, IUVA, and hybrid mice. The low frequency of proximal recombination in pentavalents of CHPO-IUVA hybrids may promote reproductive isolation between the CHPO and IUVA races, when coupled with reduced hybrid unfitness.

Chromosomal speciation in mice: a cytogenetic analysis of recombination.

Ovarian follicle encapsulation in synthetic or natural matrixes based on biopolymers is potentially a promising approach to in vitro maturation (IVM) process, since it maintains follicle 3D organisation by preventing its flattening and consequent disruption of gap junctions, preserving the functional relationship between oocyte and companion follicle cells. The aim of the work was to optimise physico-chemical parameters of alginate microcapsules for perspective IVM under 3D environments. On this purpose alginate and cross-linking agent concentrations were investigated. Alginate concentration between 0.75% and 0.125% w/w and Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Ca(2+ )at concentration between 100 and 20 mM were tested. Follicle encapsulation was obtained by on purpose modified diffusion setting gelation technique, and evaluated together with beads, chemical and mechanical stability in standard and stressing conditions. Beads permeability was tested towards albumin, fetuin, pyruvate, glucose, pullulan. Results demonstrated that 0.25% alginate cross-linked in 100 mM CaCl2 beads is suitable to follicle encapsulation.

Formulation and stability evaluation of 3D alginate beads potentially useful for cumulus-oocyte complexes culture.

The first natural chromosomal variation in the house mouse was described nearly 50 years ago in Val Poschiavo on the Swiss side of the Swiss-Italian border in the Central Eastern Alps. Studies have extended into neighboring Valtellina, and the house mice of the Poschiavo-Valtellina area have been subject to detailed analysis, reviewed here. The maximum extent of this area is 70 km, yet it has 4 metacentric races and the standard 40-chromosome telocentric race distributed in a patchwork fashion. The metacentric races are characterized by highly reduced diploid numbers (2n = 22-26) resulting from Robertsonian fusions, perhaps modified by whole-arm reciprocal translocations. The races hybridize and the whole Poschiavo-Valtellina area can be considered a "hybrid zone." The studies of this area have provided insights into origin of races within hybrid zones, gene flow within hybrid zones and the possibility of speciation in hybrid zones. This provides a case study of how chromosomal rearrangements may impact the genetic structure of populations and their diversification.

A Half-Century of Studies on a Chromosomal Hybrid Zone of the House Mouse.

Full-grown mouse antral oocytes are classified as surrounding nucleolus (SN) or not-surrounding nucleolus (NSN), depending on the respective presence or absence of a ring of Hoechst-positive chromatin surrounding the nucleolus. In culture, both types of oocytes resume meiosis and reach the metaphase II (MII) stage, but following insemination, NSN oocytes arrest at the two-cell stage whereas SN oocytes may develop to term. By coupling time-lapse bright-field microscopy with image analysis based on particle image velocimetry, we provide the first systematic measure of the changes to the cytoplasmic movement velocity (CMV) occurring during the germinal vesicle-to-MII (GV-to-MII) transition of these two types of oocytes. Compared to SN oocytes, NSN oocytes display a delayed GV-to-MII transition, which can be mostly explained by retarded germinal vesicle break down and first polar body extrusion. SN and NSN oocytes also exhibit significantly different CMV profiles at four main time-lapse intervals, although this difference was not predictive of SN or NSN oocyte origin because of the high variability in CMV. When CMV profile was analyzed through a trained artificial neural network, however, each single SN or NSN oocyte was blindly identified with a probability of 92.2% and 88.7%, respectively. Thus, the CMV profile recorded during meiotic resumption may be exploited as a cytological signature for the non-invasive assessment of the oocyte developmental potential, and could be informative for the analysis of the GV-to-MII transition of oocytes of other species.

Article	Year
Chromosomal speciation in mice: a cytogenetic analysis of recombination. Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology\| PubMed ID: 23963733	2013
Formulation and stability evaluation of 3D alginate beads potentially useful for cumulus-oocyte complexes culture. Journal of microencapsulation\| PubMed ID: 26791322	2016
A Half-Century of Studies on a Chromosomal Hybrid Zone of the House Mouse. The Journal of heredity\| PubMed ID: 27729448	2017
Cytoplasmic movement profiles of mouse surrounding nucleolus and not-surrounding nucleolus antral oocytes during meiotic resumption. Molecular reproduction and development\| PubMed ID: 28233368	2017

Valeria Merico

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