electric-field-control-electronic-states-ws2-nanodevices-electrolyte

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS<sub>2</sub> Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape ...

The University of Tokyo

the university of tokyo

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the hippocampal circuit's role in cognitive functioning. New neurons are generated from hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout life, but their generation is substantially diminished in aged animals due to a decrease in NSC proliferation. Because acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter released in the hippocampus during learning and exercise that is known to decrease with aging, we investigated whether aged NSCs can respond to ACh. In this study, we found that cholinergic stimulation has a positive effect on NSC proliferation in both young adult (8-12 weeks old) and aged mice (>2 years old). In fresh hippocampal slices, we observed a rapid calcium increase in NSCs in the dentate gyrus after muscarinic cholinergic stimulation, in both age groups. Furthermore, we found that the exercise-induced promotion of aged NSC proliferation was abrogated by the specific lesioning of the septal cholinergic system. In turn, cholinergic activation by either eserine (physostigmine) or donepezil treatment promoted the proliferation of NSCs in aged mice. These results indicate that NSCs respond to cholinergic stimulation by proliferating in aged animals. Physiological and/or pharmacological cholinergic stimulation(s) may ameliorate cognitive decline in aged animals, by supporting adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Cholinergic activation of hippocampal neural stem cells in aged dentate gyrus.

We report ambipolar transport properties in black phosphorus using an electric-double-layer transistor configuration. The transfer curve clearly exhibits ambipolar transistor behavior with an ON-OFF ratio of ∼5 × 10(3). The band gap was determined as ≅0.35 eV from the transfer curve, and Hall-effect measurements revealed that the hole mobility was ∼190 cm(2)/(V s) at 170 K, which is 1 order of magnitude larger than the electron mobility. By inducing an ultrahigh carrier density of ∼10(14) cm(-2), an electric-field-induced transition from the insulating state to the metallic state was realized, due to both electron and hole doping. Our results suggest that black phosphorus will be a good candidate for the fabrication of functional devices, such as lateral p-n junctions and tunnel diodes, due to the intrinsic narrow band gap.

Ambipolar insulator-to-metal transition in black phosphorus by ionic-liquid gating.

Functionalities of two-dimensional (2D) crystals based on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have now stemmed from simple field effect transistors (FETs) to a variety of electronic and opto-valleytronic devices, and even to superconductivity. Among them, superconductivity is the least studied property in TMDs due to methodological difficulty accessing it in different TMD species. Here, we report the systematic study of superconductivity in MoSe2, MoTe2 and WS2 by ionic gating in different regimes. Electrostatic gating using ionic liquid was able to induce superconductivity in MoSe2 but not in MoTe2 because of inefficient electron accumulation limited by electronic band alignment. Alternative gating using KClO4/polyethylene glycol enabled a crossover from surface doping to bulk doping, which induced superconductivities in MoTe2 and WS2 electrochemically. These new varieties greatly enriched the TMD superconductor families and unveiled critical methodology to expand the capability of ionic gating to other materials.

Superconductivity Series in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Ionic Gating.

Recently emerging two-dimensional (2D) superconductors in atomically thin layers and at heterogeneous interfaces are attracting growing interest in condensed matter physics. Here, we report that an ion-gated zirconium nitride chloride surface, exhibiting a dome-shaped phase diagram with a maximum critical temperature of 14.8 kelvin, behaves as a superconductor persisting to the 2D limit. The superconducting thickness estimated from the upper critical fields is ≅ 1.8 nanometers, which is thinner than one unit-cell. The majority of the vortex phase diagram down to 2 kelvin is occupied by a metallic state with a finite resistance, owing to the quantum creep of vortices caused by extremely weak pinning and disorder. Our findings highlight the potential of electric-field-induced superconductivity, establishing a new platform for accessing quantum phases in clean 2D superconductors.

Metallic ground state in an ion-gated two-dimensional superconductor.

We report an electric field tuning of the thermopower in ultrathin WSe2 single crystals over a wide range of carrier concentration by using electric double-layer (EDL) technique. We succeeded in the optimization of power factor not only in the hole but also in the electron side, which has never been chemically accessed. The maximized values of power factor are one-order larger than that obtained by changing chemical composition, reflecting the clean nature of electrostatic doping.

Gate-Optimized Thermoelectric Power Factor in Ultrathin WSe2 Single Crystals.

The electric field effect is a useful means of elucidating intrinsic material properties as well as for designing functional devices. The electric-double-layer transistor (EDLT) enables the control of carrier density in a wide range, which is recently proved to be an effective tool for the investigation of thermoelectric properties. Here, we report the gate-tuning of thermoelectric power in a black phosphorus (BP) single crystal flake with the thickness of 40 nm. Using an EDLT configuration, we successfully control the thermoelectric power (S) and find that the S of ion-gated BP reached +510 μV/K at 210 K in the hole depleted state, which is much higher than the reported bulk single crystal value of +340 μV/K at 300 K. We compared this experimental data with the first-principles-based calculation and found that this enhancement is qualitatively explained by the effective thinning of the conduction channel of the BP flake and nonuniformity of the channel owing to the gate operation in a depletion mode. Our results provide new opportunities for further engineering BP as a thermoelectric material in nanoscale.

Gate-Tuned Thermoelectric Power in Black Phosphorus.

Lack of spatial inversion symmetry in crystals offers a rich variety of physical phenomena, such as ferroelectricity and nonlinear optical effects (for example, second harmonic generation). One such phenomenon is magnetochiral anisotropy, where the electrical resistance depends on the current direction under the external magnetic field. We demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that this magnetochiral anisotropy is markedly enhanced by orders of magnitude once the materials enter into a superconducting state. To exemplify this enhancement, we study the magnetotransport properties of the two-dimensional noncentrosymmetric superconducting state induced by gating of MoS. These results indicate that electrons feel the noncentrosymmetric crystal potential much coherently and sensitively over the correlation length when they form Cooper pairs, and show open a new route to enhance the nonreciprocal response toward novel functionalities, including superconducting diodes.

Nonreciprocal charge transport in noncentrosymmetric superconductors.

Superconductor-insulator transition is one of the remarkable phenomena driven by quantum fluctuation in two-dimensional (2D) systems. Such a quantum phase transition (QPT) was investigated predominantly on highly disordered thin films with amorphous or granular structures using scaling law with constant exponents. Here, we provide a totally different view of QPT in highly crystalline 2D superconductors. According to the magneto-transport measurements in 2D superconducting ZrNCl and MoS, we found that the quantum metallic state commonly observed at low magnetic fields is converted via the quantum Griffiths state to the weakly localized metal at high magnetic fields. The scaling behavior, characterized by the diverging dynamical critical exponent (Griffiths singularity), indicates that the quantum fluctuation manifests itself as superconducting puddles, in marked contrast to the thermal fluctuation. We suggest that an evolution from the quantum metallic to the quantum Griffiths state is generic nature in highly crystalline 2D superconductors with weak pinning potentials.

Article	Year
Cholinergic activation of hippocampal neural stem cells in aged dentate gyrus. Hippocampus\| PubMed ID: 20054812	2011
Ambipolar insulator-to-metal transition in black phosphorus by ionic-liquid gating. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 25712777	2015
Superconductivity Series in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Ionic Gating. Scientific reports\| PubMed ID: 26235962	2015
Metallic ground state in an ion-gated two-dimensional superconductor. Science (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 26429881	2015
Gate-Optimized Thermoelectric Power Factor in Ultrathin WSe2 Single Crystals. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 26841275	2016
Gate-Tuned Thermoelectric Power in Black Phosphorus. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 27462825	2016
Nonreciprocal charge transport in noncentrosymmetric superconductors. Science advances\| PubMed ID: 28439548	2017
Quantum phase transitions in highly crystalline two-dimensional superconductors. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 29472627	2018

Yu Saito

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