lung-fixation-under-constant-pressure-for-evaluation-emphysema

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Juntendo University

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is expressed in many types of solid tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and enhanced activation of IGF1R is thought to reflect cancer progression. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been established as one of the mechanisms responsible for cancer progression and metastasis, and microenvironment conditions, such as hypoxia, have been shown to induce EMT. The purposes of this study were to address the role of IGF1R activation in hypoxia-induced EMT in NSCLC and to determine whether inhibition of IGF1R might reverse hypoxia-induced EMT. Human NSCLC cell lines A549 and HCC2935 were exposed to hypoxia to investigate the expression of EMT-related genes and phenotypes. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR and cell phenotypes were studied by morphology assessment, scratch wound assay, and immunofluorescence. Hypoxia-exposed cells exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology with increased cell motility reminiscent of EMT, and demonstrated the loss of E-cadherin and increased expression of fibronectin and vimentin. Hypoxia also led to increased expression of IGF1, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), and IGF1R, but not transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) with YC-1 abrogated activation of IGF1R, and reduced IGF1 and IGFBP3 expression in hypoxic cells. Furthermore, inhibition of IGF1R using AEW541 in hypoxic condition restored E-cadherin expression, and reduced expression of fibronectin and vimentin. Finally, IGF1 stimulation of normoxic cells induced EMT. Our findings indicated that hypoxia induced EMT in NSCLC cells through activation of IGF1R, and that IGF1R inhibition reversed these phenomena. These results suggest a potential role for targeting IGF1R in the prevention of hypoxia-induced cancer progression and metastasis mediated by EMT. 

Treatment with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor inhibitor reverses hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer.

Tobacco consumption is a major causative agent for various deadly diseases such as coronary artery disease and cancer. It is the largest avoidable health risk in the world, causing more problems than alcohol, drug use, high blood pressure, excess body weight or high cholesterol. As countries like Indonesia prepare to develop national policy guidelines for tobacco harm reduction, the scientific community can help by providing continuous ideas and a forum for sharing and distributing information, drafting guidelines, reviewing best practices, raising funds, and establishing partnerships. We propose several strategies for reducing tobacco consumption, including advertisement interference, cigarette pricing policy, adolescent smoking prevention policy, support for smoking cessation therapy, special informed consent for smokers, smoking prohibition in public spaces, career incentives, economic incentives, and advertisement incentives. We hope that these strategies would assist people to avoid starting smoking or in smoking cessation. 

Strategies for an effective tobacco harm reduction policy in Indonesia.

The mechanism underlying increased concentrations of cancer stem cell (CSC)-associated factors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells treated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of CD44 in the regulation of CSC-associated genes, by analyzing the effect of CD44 knockdown on their expression. A549, a NSCLC cell line that expresses CD44 antigen, was treated with TGFβ1 and TNFα. Small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) that specifically targets the CD44 gene was used to knockdown the expression of CD44 in A549. The gene expressions of CD44, CXCR4, POU5F1 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4 [Oct4]), PROM1, NANOG, c-Myc, KLF4, and SOX2, as well as of CDH1 (E-cadherin), CDH2 (N-cadherin), VIM (vimentin), and FN1 (fibronectin) were analyzed in A549 cells by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cell morphology was observed using light microscopy. After TGFβ1/TNFα treatment, increased expressions of CXCR4 and POU5F1 were detected. Silencing of CD44 gene expression was confirmed by RT-qPCR. The knockdown of CD44 decreased the CXCR4 and POU5F1 gene expressions in TGFβ1/TNFα-treated A549 cells. However, the silencing of CD44 did not affect the morphology of TGFβ1/TNFα-treated A549 cells nor it reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gene signature induced by TGFβ1/TNFα in A549 cells. Our preliminary findings suggest that the CD44 gene may have a role in regulating CXCR4 and POU5F1 gene expressions, independently of the EMT signaling pathway.

CD44 silencing decreases the expression of stem cell-related factors induced by transforming growth factor β1 and tumor necrosis factor α in lung cancer: Preliminary findings.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predominantly a cigarette smoke (CS)-triggered disease with features of chronic systemic inflammation. Oxidants derived from CS can induce DNA damage and stress-induced premature cellular senescence in the respiratory system, which play significant roles in COPD. Therefore, antioxidants should provide benefits for the treatment of COPD; however, their therapeutic potential remains limited owing to the complexity of this disease. Recently, molecular hydrogen (H) has been reported as a preventive and therapeutic antioxidant. Molecular H can selectively reduce hydroxyl radical accumulation with no known side effects, showing potential applications in managing oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism. However, there have been no reports on the efficacy of molecular H in COPD patients. In the present study, we used a mouse model of COPD to investigate whether CS-induced histological damage in the lungs could be attenuated by administration of molecular H. We administered H-rich pure water to senescence marker protein 30 knockout (SMP30-KO) mice exposed to CS for 8 weeks. Administration of H-rich water attenuated the CS-induced lung damage in the SMP30-KO mice and reduced the mean linear intercept and destructive index of the lungs. Moreover, H-rich water significantly restored the static lung compliance in the CS-exposed mice compared with that in the CS-exposed H-untreated mice. Moreover, treatment with H-rich water decreased the levels of oxidative DNA damage markers such as phosphorylated histone H2AX and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and senescence markers such as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, and β-galactosidase in the CS-exposed mice. These results demonstrated that H-rich pure water attenuated CS-induced emphysema in SMP30-KO mice by reducing CS-induced oxidative DNA damage and premature cell senescence in the lungs. Our study suggests that administration of molecular H may be a novel preventive and therapeutic strategy for COPD.

Hydrogen-rich pure water prevents cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in SMP30 knockout mice.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate multiple target genes providing fine-tuned coordinated expression. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs play important roles in lung development and the pathogenesis of lung disease and that they have great potential as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We have previously shown that miR-146a is a promising therapeutic target for controlling abnormal inflammatory response in COPD through a series of  experiments in lung fibroblasts. However, further investigations in  experimental models are needed to explore the role of miR-146a in the pathogenesis and therapy of COPD. Recently, miRNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as modulators of intercellular communication. EVs, therefore, may also have therapeutic potential and show promise for use as biomarkers for various lung diseases. In addition to miRNAs, we briefly discuss a specific long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD. The application of miRNA-based therapeutics faces several challenges related to mode of delivery, stability, and tissue specificity. However, recent advances in nanotechnology are expected to prove valuable for the development of miRNA-based therapeutics to treat lung disease.

MicroRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Lung Disease: Prospects and Challenges.

Senescent cells accumulate in tissues during aging and are considered to underlie several aging-associated phenotypes and diseases. We recently reported that the elimination of p19 -expressing senescent cells from lung tissue restored tissue function and gene expression in middle-aged (12-month-old) mice. The aging of lung tissue increases the risk of pulmonary diseases such as emphysema, and cellular senescence is accelerated in emphysema patients. However, there is currently no direct evidence to show that cellular senescence promotes the pathology of emphysema, and the involvement of senescence in the development of this disease has yet to be clarified. We herein demonstrated that p19 facilitated the development of pulmonary emphysema in mice. The elimination of p19 -expressing cells prevented lung tissue from elastase-induced lung dysfunction. These effects appeared to depend on reduced pulmonary inflammation, which is enhanced after elastase stimulation. Furthermore, the administration of a senolytic drug that selectively kills senescent cells attenuated emphysema-associated pathologies. These results strongly suggest the potential of senescent cells as therapeutic/preventive targets for pulmonary emphysema.

Elimination of p19 -expressing cells protects against pulmonary emphysema in mice.

Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure causes an abnormal inflammatory response, which can result in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Previous studies show that this disorder predominantly occurs in peripheral or small-airway areas, whereas the same condition has not been identified in the larger airways during the course of COPD. However, the different biochemical and genetic alterations occurring in response to CS exposure among airway epithelial cells from different sites in the lungs have not been fully investigated.

Article	Year
Treatment with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor inhibitor reverses hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 25446090	2014
Strategies for an effective tobacco harm reduction policy in Indonesia. Epidemiology and health\| PubMed ID: 25518881	2014
CD44 silencing decreases the expression of stem cell-related factors induced by transforming growth factor β1 and tumor necrosis factor α in lung cancer: Preliminary findings. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences\| PubMed ID: 28446126	2017
Hydrogen-rich pure water prevents cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema in SMP30 knockout mice. Biochemical and biophysical research communications\| PubMed ID: 28807355	2017
MicroRNAs as Therapeutic Targets in Lung Disease: Prospects and Challenges. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.)\| PubMed ID: 28848860	2015
Elimination of p19 -expressing cells protects against pulmonary emphysema in mice. Aging cell\| PubMed ID: 30058137	2018
Regional heterogeneity in response of airway epithelial cells to cigarette smoke. BMC pulmonary medicine\| PubMed ID: 30180847	2018

Hario Baskoro

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