isolating-malignant-and-non-malignant-b-cells-from-lckegfp-zebrafish

Isolating Malignant and Non-Malignant B Cells from <em>lck:eGFP</em> Zebrafish

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a powerful model to study lymphocyte development. Like mammals, D. rerio possess an adaptive immune system that includes B and ...

University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in children. Although survival rates have improved, patients with certain biological subtypes still have suboptimal outcomes. Current chemotherapeutic regimens are associated with short- and long-term toxicities and novel, less toxic therapeutic strategies are needed. Mer receptor tyrosine kinase is ectopically expressed in ALL patient samples and cell lines. Inhibition of Mer expression reduces pro-survival signaling, increases chemosensitivity, and delays development of leukemia in vivo suggesting that Mer tyrosine kinase inhibitors are excellent candidates for targeted therapies. Brain and spinal tumors are the second most common malignancies in childhood. Multiple chemotherapy approaches and radiation have been attempted, yet overall survival remains dismal. Mer is also abnormally expressed in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT), providing a rationale for targeting Mer as a therapeutic strategy. We have previously described UNC569, the first small molecule Mer inhibitor. This manuscript describes the biochemical and biological effects of UNC569 in ALL and ATRT. UNC569 inhibited Mer activation and downstream signaling through ERK1/2 and AKT, determined by western blot analysis. Treatment with UNC569 reduced proliferation/survival in liquid culture, decreased colony formation in methylcellulose/soft agar, and increased sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapies. MYC transgenic zebrafish with T-ALL were treated with UNC569 (4 Î¼M for 2 weeks). Fluorescence was quantified as indicator of the distribution of lymphoblasts, which express Mer and enhanced green fluorescent protein. UNC569 induced >50% reduction in tumor burden compared to vehicle- and mock-treated fish. These data support further development of Mer inhibitors as effective therapies in ALL and ATRT.

UNC569, a novel small molecule Mer inhibitor with efficacy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in vitro and in vivo.

Abstract Zebrafish are a powerful model organism to study disease. Like other animal models, Danio rerio colonies are at risk of pathogenic infection. Microsporidia, a group of intracellular fungus-like parasites, are one potential threat. Microsporidian spores germinate and spread causing pathological changes in the central nervous system, skeletal muscle, and other anatomic sites. Infection can impair breeding, cause other morbidities, and ultimately be lethal. Previously, detecting microsporidia in zebrafish has required sacrificing animals for histopathologic analysis or microscopic examination of fresh tissues. Here, we show that fish with microsporidial infection often have autofluorescent nodules, and we demonstrate infectious spread from nodule-bearing fish to healthy D. rerio. Histologic analyses revealed that fluorescent nodules are granulomatous lesions composed of spores, degenerating muscle, and inflammatory cells. Additional histologic staining verified that microsporidia were present, specifically, Pseudoloma neurophilia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing confirmed the presence of P. neurophilia. Further PCR testing excluded infection by another common zebrafish microsporidial parasite, Pleistophora hyphessobryconis. Collectively, these studies show that P. neurophilia can induce skeletal muscle granulomas in D. rerio, a previously unknown finding. Moreover, since granulomas autofluoresce, microscopic screening for P. neurophilia infection is feasible in live fish, avoiding the need to sacrifice fish for surveillance for this pathogen. 

Unusual fluorescent granulomas and myonecrosis in Danio rerio infected by the microsporidian pathogen Pseudoloma neurophilia.

Children and adolescents with Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) and combined central nervous system (CNS) and bone marrow involvement still have a poor prognosis with chemotherapy alone. We therefore investigated in children and adolescents with bone marrow (≥25% blasts) and/or CNS-positive Burkitt lymphoma the chemoimmunotherapy combination of rituximab (375 mg/m(2) ) and the standard chemotherapy arm of our previously reported French-American-British (FAB) Lymphome Malins de Burkitt (LMB) 96 trial. Central pathological and cytogenetic characterization was also performed. There were 40 evaluable patients with Burkitt histology (25 with leukaemia and 15 with CNS disease ± leukaemia). The chemoimmunotherapy regimen was well tolerated. The incidence of grade III/IV mucositis during induction cycles with combined chemotherapy and rituximab was 31% and 26%, respectively. The 3-year event-free survival (EFS)/overall survival (OS) was 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76-96%) in the entire cohort and 93% (95% CI, 61-99%) in patients with CNS disease. Based on the results of this trial, an international randomized study of FAB/LMB 96 chemotherapy ± rituximab for high-risk patients is currently under investigation.

Rituximab with chemotherapy in children and adolescents with central nervous system and/or bone marrow-positive Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group Report.

Patient-specific primers from 10 children/adolescents with Burkitt leukaemia (BL) ± central nervous system disease who were treated with French-British-American/Lymphome Malins de Burkitt 96 C1 plus rituximab were developed from diagnostic blood/bone marrow. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction at the end of induction (EOI) and consolidation (EOC). Seventy per cent (7/10) and 71% (5/7) were MRD-positive at EOI and EOC, respectively, with no disease recurrences. MRD after induction and consolidation did not predict relapse and subsequent therapy appeared to eliminate MRD. Thus, assessing MRD at a later time point is warranted in future trials to determine its clinical significance. 

Impact of persistent minimal residual disease post-consolidation therapy in children and adolescents with advanced Burkitt leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group Pilot Study Report.

Zebrafish () are widely used for developmental biology studies. In the past decade,  have become an important oncology model as well. Leukemia is one type of cancer where zebrafish are particularly valuable. As vertebrates, fish have great anatomic and biologic similarity to humans, including their hematopoietic and immune systems. As an experimental platform,  offer many advantages that mammalian models lack. These include their ease of genetic manipulation, capacity for imaging, and suitability for large-scale phenotypic and drug screens. In this review, we present examples of these strategies and others to illustrate how zebrafish have been and can be used to study leukemia. Besides appraising the techniques researchers apply and introducing the leukemia models they have created, we also highlight recent and exciting discoveries made using  with an eye to where the field is likely headed.

: Small Fish Making a Big Splash in Leukemia.

Molecular genetic abnormalities are ubiquitous in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but genetic changes are not yet used to define specific lymphoma subtypes. Certain recurrent molecular genetic abnormalities in NHL underlie molecular pathogenesis and/or are associated with prognosis or represent potential therapeutic targets. Most molecular genetic studies of B- and T-NHL have been performed on adult patient samples, and the relevance of many of these findings for childhood, adolescent and young adult NHL remains to be demonstrated. In this review, we focus on NHL subtypes that are most common in young patients and emphasize features actually studied in younger NHL patients. This approach highlights what is known about NHL genetics in young patients but also points to gaps that remain, which will require cooperative efforts to collect and share biological specimens for genomic and genetic analyses in order to help predict outcomes and guide therapy in the future.

Molecular genetics of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Creation of a human T-ALL cell line online database.

Precursor-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-B ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, but there are no useful zebrafish pre-B ALL models. We describe the first highly- penetrant zebrafish pre-B ALL, driven by human MYC. Leukemias express B lymphoblast-specific genes and are distinct from T cell ALL (T-ALL)-which these fish also develop. Zebrafish pre-B ALL shares in vivo features and expression profiles with human pre-B ALL, and these profiles differ from zebrafish T-ALL or normal B and T cells. These animals also exhibit aberrant lymphocyte development. As the only robust zebrafish pre-B ALL model and only example where T-ALL also develops, this model can reveal differences between MYC-driven pre-B vs. T-ALL and be exploited to discover novel pre-B ALL therapies.

Simultaneous B and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias in zebrafish driven by transgenic MYC: implications for oncogenesis and lymphopoiesis.

Excellent outcomes in children and adolescents with CNS burkitt lymphoma or other mature B-NHL using only intrathecal and systemic chemoimmunotherapy: results from FAB/LMB96 and COG ANHL01P1.

Article	Year
UNC569, a novel small molecule Mer inhibitor with efficacy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia in vitro and in vivo. Molecular cancer therapeutics\| PubMed ID: 23997116	2013
Unusual fluorescent granulomas and myonecrosis in Danio rerio infected by the microsporidian pathogen Pseudoloma neurophilia. Zebrafish\| PubMed ID: 24707848	2014
Rituximab with chemotherapy in children and adolescents with central nervous system and/or bone marrow-positive Burkitt lymphoma/leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group Report. British journal of haematology\| PubMed ID: 25066629	2014
Impact of persistent minimal residual disease post-consolidation therapy in children and adolescents with advanced Burkitt leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group Pilot Study Report. British journal of haematology\| PubMed ID: 25858645	2015
: Small Fish Making a Big Splash in Leukemia. Current pathobiology reports\| PubMed ID: 26269780	2014
Molecular genetics of childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma. British journal of haematology\| PubMed ID: 26969846	2016
Creation of a human T-ALL cell line online database. Leukemia & lymphoma\| PubMed ID: 28609209	2017
Simultaneous B and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias in zebrafish driven by transgenic MYC: implications for oncogenesis and lymphopoiesis. Leukemia\| PubMed ID: 30111845	2019
Excellent outcomes in children and adolescents with CNS burkitt lymphoma or other mature B-NHL using only intrathecal and systemic chemoimmunotherapy: results from FAB/LMB96 and COG ANHL01P1... British journal of haematology\| PubMed ID: 30117142	2018
Molecularly distinct models of zebrafish Myc-induced B cell leukemia. Leukemia\| PubMed ID: 30573774	2019

J. Kimble Frazer

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