generation-alpha-synuclein-preformed-fibrils-from-monomers-use

Generation of Alpha-Synuclein Preformed Fibrils from Monomers and Use In Vivo

Use of the in vivo alpha-synuclein preformed fibril (&#945;-syn PFF) model of synucleinopathy is gaining popularity among researchers aiming to model ...

University of Alabama at Birmingham

No treatments exist to slow or halt Parkinson's disease (PD) progression; however, inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) activity represents one of the most promising therapeutic strategies. Genetic ablation and pharmacological LRRK2 inhibition have demonstrated promise in blocking α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. However, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors may reduce LRRK2 activity in several tissues and induce systemic phenotypes in the kidney and lung that are undesirable. Here, we test whether antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) provide an alternative therapeutic strategy, as they can be restricted to the CNS and provide a stable, long-lasting reduction of protein throughout the brain. Administration of LRRK2 ASOs to the brain reduces LRRK2 protein levels and fibril-induced α-syn inclusions. Mice exposed to α-syn fibrils treated with LRRK2 ASOs show more tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons compared to control mice. Furthermore, intracerebral injection of LRRK2 ASOs avoids unwanted phenotypes associated with loss of LRRK2 expression in the periphery. This study further demonstrates that a reduction of endogenous levels of normal LRRK2 reduces the formation of α-syn inclusions. Importantly, this study points toward LRRK2 ASOs as a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing PD-associated pathology and phenotypes without causing potential adverse side effects in peripheral tissues associated with LRRK2 inhibition.

LRRK2 Antisense Oligonucleotides Ameliorate α-Synuclein Inclusion Formation in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model.

Neuronal inclusions composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) characterize Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Cognitive dysfunction defines DLB, and up to 80% of PD patients develop dementia. α-Syn inclusions are abundant in the hippocampus, yet functional consequences are unclear. To determine if pathologic α-syn causes neuronal defects, we induced endogenous α-syn to form inclusions resembling those found in diseased brains by treating hippocampal neurons with α-syn fibrils. At seven days after adding fibrils, α-syn inclusions are abundant in axons, but there is no cell death at this time point, allowing us to assess for potential alterations in neuronal function that are not caused by neuron death. We found that exposure of neurons to fibrils caused a significant reduction in mushroom spine densities, adding to the growing body of literature showing that altered spine morphology is a major pathologic phenotype in synucleinopathies. The reduction in spine densities occurred only in wild type neurons and not in neurons from α-syn knockout mice, suggesting that the changes in spine morphology result from fibril-induced corruption of endogenously expressed α-syn. Paradoxically, reduced postsynaptic spine density was accompanied by increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and presynaptic docked vesicles, suggesting enhanced presynaptic function. Action-potential dependent activity was unchanged, suggesting compensatory mechanisms responding to synaptic defects. Although activity at the level of the synapse was unchanged, neurons exposed to α-syn fibrils, showed reduced frequency and amplitudes of spontaneous Ca transients. These findings open areas of research to determine the mechanisms that alter neuronal function in brain regions critical for cognition at time points before neuron death.

α-Synuclein fibril-induced paradoxical structural and functional defects in hippocampal neurons.

Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by intracellular inclusions composed mostly of α-synuclein (Baba et al., Am J Pathol 152:879-884, 1998). How inclusion formation impacts neuronal function prior to death is key to understanding disease progression and identifying therapeutic windows. In the α-synuclein fibril model, exposure of primary neurons to α-synuclein fibrils induces endogenously expressed α-synuclein to form inclusions which closely resembles pathologic mechanisms in humans with PD and DLB (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Neuron 72, 57-71, 2011). In this model, at 7 days after exposure of neurons to fibrils, when there is no neuron death, inclusions in the axon selectively impair axonal transport of endosomes carrying the TrkB receptor and LC3-positive autophagosomes (Volpicelli-Daley et al., Mol Biol Cell 25:4010-4023, 2014). In addition, the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous Ca transients are reduced in neurons 7 days after fibril exposure. Here we discuss protocols for plating primary hippocampal neurons, generating fibrils and measuring axonal transport and Ca transients. These assays provide additional assays of neurotoxicity allowing researchers to determine if a therapeutic intervention can prevent neuronal defects before intractable neurodegeneration.

Article	Year
LRRK2 Antisense Oligonucleotides Ameliorate α-Synuclein Inclusion Formation in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids\| PubMed ID: 28918051	2017
α-Synuclein fibril-induced paradoxical structural and functional defects in hippocampal neurons. Acta neuropathologica communications\| PubMed ID: 29716652	2018
Assays for Neuronal Defects Caused by Early Formation of α-Synuclein Inclusions in Primary Cultured Neurons. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)\| PubMed ID: 30771165	2019

Laura A. Volpicelli-Daley

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