biological-samples-preparation-for-speciation-at-cryogenic

Biological Samples Preparation for Speciation at Cryogenic Temperature using High-Resolution  X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The study of elements with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is of particular interest when studying the role of metals in biological systems. Sample ...

Université Grenoble Alpes

ESRF, The European Synchrotron

Humans are contaminated by mercury in different forms from different sources. In practice, contamination by methylmercury from fish consumption is assessed by measuring hair mercury concentration, whereas exposure to elemental and inorganic mercury from other sources is tested by analysis of blood or urine. Here, we show that diverse sources of hair mercury at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm can be individually identified by specific coordination to C, N, and S ligands with high energy-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Methylmercury from seafood, ethylmercury used as a bactericide, inorganic mercury from dental amalgams, and exogenously derived atmospheric mercury bind in distinctive intermolecular configurations to hair proteins, as supported by molecular modeling. A mercury spike located by X-ray nanofluorescence on one hair strand could even be dated to removal of a single dental amalgam. Chemical forms of other known or putative toxic metals in human tissues could be identified by this approach with potential broader applications to forensic, energy, and materials science.

Chemical Forms of Mercury in Human Hair Reveal Sources of Exposure.

We present the development, manufacturing, and performance of spherically bent crystal analyzers (SBCAs) of 100 mm diameter and 0.5 m bending radius. The elastic strain in the crystal wafer is partially released by a "strip-bent" method where the crystal wafer is cut into strips prior to the bending and the anodic bonding process. Compared to standard 1 m SBCAs, a gain in intensity is obtained without loss of energy resolution. The gain ranges between 2.5 and 4.5, depending on the experimental conditions and the width of the emission line measured. This reduces the acquisition times required to perform high energy-resolution x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy on ultra-dilute species, accessing concentrations of the element of interest down to, or below, the ppm (ng/mg) level.

High energy-resolution x-ray spectroscopy at ultra-high dilution with spherically bent crystal analyzers of 0.5 m radius.

Plant leaves serve both as a sink for gaseous elemental mercury (Hg) from the atmosphere and a source of toxic mercury to terrestrial ecosystems. Litterfall is the primary deposition pathway of atmospheric Hg to vegetated soils, yet the chemical form of this major Hg input remains elusive. We report the first observation of in vivo formation of mercury sulfur nanoparticles in intact leaves of 22 native plants from six different species across two sampling areas from China. The plants grew naturally in soils from a mercury sulfide mining and retorting region at ambient-air gaseous-Hg concentrations ranging from 131 ± 19 to 636 ± 186 ng m and had foliar Hg concentration between 1.9 and 31.1 ng Hg mg dry weight (ppm). High energy resolution X-ray absorption near-edge structure (HR-XANES) spectroscopy shows that up to 57% of the acquired Hg is nanoparticulate, and the remainder speciated as a bis-thiolate complex (Hg(SR)). The fractional amount of nanoparticulate Hg is not correlated with Hg concentration. Variation likely depends on leaf age, plant physiology, and natural variability. Nanoparticulate Hg atoms are bonded to four sulfide or thiolate sulfur atoms arranged in a metacinnabar-type (β-HgS) coordination environment. The nanometer dimension of the mercury-sulfur clusters outmatches the known binding capacity of plant metalloproteins. These findings give rise to challenging questions on their exact nature, how they form, and their biogeochemical reactivity and fate in litterfall, whether this mercury pool is recycled or stored in soils. This study provides new evidence that metacinnabar-type nanoparticles are widespread in oxygenated environments.

Biogenesis of Mercury-Sulfur Nanoparticles in Plant Leaves from Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury.

The freshwater cyprinid Tanichthys albonubes was used to assess the bioavailability of divalent mercury (Hg(II)) complexed in dissolved organic matter (DOM) to fish. The fish acquired 0.3 to 2.2 μg Hg/g dry weight after 8 weeks in aquaria containing DOM from a Carex peat with complexed mercury at initial concentrations of 14 nM to 724 nM. Changes in the relative proportions of dithiolate Hg(SR) and nanoparticulate β-HgS in the DOM, as quantified by high energy-resolution XANES (HR-XANES) spectroscopy, indicate that Hg(SR) complexes either produced by microbially induced dissolution of nanoparticulate β-HgS in the DOM or present in the original DOM were the forms of mercury that entered the fish. In the fish with 2.2 μg Hg/g, 84 ± 8% of Hg(II) was bonded to two axial thiolate ligands and one or two equatorial N/O electron donors (Hg[(SR)+(N/O)] coordination), and 16% had a Hg(SR) coordination, as determined by HR-XANES. For comparison, fish exposed to Hg from 40 nM HgCl contained 10.4 μg Hg/g in the forms of dithiolate (20 ± 10%) and tetrathiolate (23 ± 10%) complexes, and also Hg S  clusters (57 ± 15%) having a β-HgS-type local structure and a dimension that exceeded the size of metallothionein clusters. There was no evidence of methylmercury in the fish or DOM within the 10% uncertainty of the HR-XANES. Together, the results indicate that inorganic Hg(II) bound to DOM is a source of mercury to biota with dithiolate Hg(SR) complexes as the immediate species bioavailable to fish, and that these complexes transform in response to cellular processes.

Divalent Mercury in Dissolved Organic Matter Is Bioavailable to Fish and Accumulates as Dithiolate and Tetrathiolate Complexes.

The design and first results of a large-solid-angle X-ray emission spectrometer that is optimized for energies between 1.5 keV and 5.5 keV are presented. The spectrometer is based on an array of 11 cylindrically bent Johansson crystal analyzers arranged in a non-dispersive Rowland circle geometry. The smallest achievable energy bandwidth is smaller than the core hole lifetime broadening of the absorption edges in this energy range. Energy scanning is achieved using an innovative design, maintaining the Rowland circle conditions for all crystals with only four motor motions. The entire spectrometer is encased in a high-vacuum chamber that allocates a liquid helium cryostat and provides sufficient space for in situ cells and operando catalysis reactors.

TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers.

Fluids responding to magnetic fields (ferrofluids) offer a scene with no equivalent in nature to explore long-range magnetic dipole interactions. Here, we studied the very original class of binary ferrofluids, embedding soft and hard ferrimagnetic nanoparticles. We used a combination of X-ray magnetic spectroscopy measurements supported by multi-scale experimental techniques and Monte-Carlo simulations to unveil the origin of the emergent macroscopic magnetic properties of the binary mixture. We found that the association of soft and hard magnetic nanoparticles in the fluid has a considerable influence on their inherent magnetic properties. While the ferrofluid remains in a single phase, magnetic interactions at the nanoscale between both types of particles induce a modification of their respective coercive fields. By connecting the microscopic properties of binary ferrofluids containing small particles, our findings lay the groundwork for the manipulation of magnetic interactions between particles at the nanometer scale in magnetic liquids.

Bad neighbour, good neighbour: how magnetic dipole interactions between soft and hard ferrimagnetic nanoparticles affect macroscopic magnetic properties in ferrofluids.

X-ray spectroscopy using high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) has critically increased the information content in X-ray spectra. We extend this technique to the tender X-ray range and present a study at the L-edge of molybdenum. We show how information on the oxidation state, phase composition, and local environment in molybdenum-based compounds can be obtained by analyzing the HERFD L X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). We demonstrate that the chemical shift of the L-edge HERFD spectra follows a parabolic dependence on the oxidation state and show that a qualitative analysis of high-resolution spectra can help to estimate parameters such as distortion of a ligand environment and radial order of atoms around the absorber. In certain cases, the spectra allow disentangling the contributions from bond lengths and angles to the distortion of the ligand polyhedron. Comparison of the high-resolution spectra with theoretical simulations shows that the single-electron approximation is able to reproduce the spectral shape. The results of this work may be useful in every branch of physics, inorganic and organometallic chemistry, catalysis, materials science, biochemistry, and mineralogy where observed changes in performance or chemical properties of Mo-based compounds, accompanied by small changes in spectral shape, are to be related to the details of electronic structure and local atomic environment.

Article	Year
Chemical Forms of Mercury in Human Hair Reveal Sources of Exposure. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 27676331	2016
High energy-resolution x-ray spectroscopy at ultra-high dilution with spherically bent crystal analyzers of 0.5 m radius. The Review of scientific instruments\| PubMed ID: 28147645	2017
Biogenesis of Mercury-Sulfur Nanoparticles in Plant Leaves from Atmospheric Gaseous Mercury. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 29536732	2018
Divalent Mercury in Dissolved Organic Matter Is Bioavailable to Fish and Accumulates as Dithiolate and Tetrathiolate Complexes. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 30719924	2019
TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers. Journal of synchrotron radiation\| PubMed ID: 32381786	2020
Bad neighbour, good neighbour: how magnetic dipole interactions between soft and hard ferrimagnetic nanoparticles affect macroscopic magnetic properties in ferrofluids. Nanoscale\| PubMed ID: 32412032	2020
Chemical Information in the L X-ray Absorption Spectra of Molybdenum Compounds by High-Energy-Resolution Detection and Density Functional Theory. Inorganic chemistry\| PubMed ID: 34957831	2022

Mauro Rovezzi

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