a-protocol-for-immunohistochemistry-rna-situ-distribution-within

A Protocol for Immunohistochemistry and RNA <em>In-situ</em> Distribution within Early <em>Drosophila</em> Embryo

Calcium induced calcium release signaling (CICR) plays a critical role in many biological processes. Every cellular activity from cell proliferation and ...

Shaanxi Normal University College of Life Sciences

Massive liquid crystal droplets have been found during embryonic development in more than twenty different tissues and organs, including the liver, brain and kidney. Liquid crystal deposits have also been identified in multiple human pathologies, including vascular disease, liver dysfunction, age-related macular degeneration, and other chronic illnesses. Despite the involvement of liquid crystals in such a large number of human processes, this phenomenon is poorly understood and there are no in vitro systems to further examine the function of liquid crystals in biology.

Characterization of tubular liquid crystal structure in embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies.

FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) have become the subject of considerable interest in several fields, leading to the identification of several cellular and molecular pathways in which FKBPs impact prenatal development and pathogenesis of many human diseases.

Comparative analysis of FKBP family protein: evaluation, structure, and function in mammals and Drosophila melanogaster.

Macrophages are traditionally viewed as a key component of the immunity defense system. Recent studies have identified resident macrophages in multiple organs including the heart, in which the cells perform their crucial role on tissue repair after myocardial infarction (MI). The cardiac-specific macrophages interdigitate with cardiomyocytes particularly at the atrioventricular node region. The integrative communication between macrophage and cardiomyocytes can modulate the contractile function of the heart. Coordinated control of intracellular calcium signaling and intercellular electrical conduction via the syncytium network underlie the synchronized beating of the heart. In this review article, we introduce the concept the syncytium calcium signaling in the cardiomyocytes can modulate gene expression in the resident macrophages and their integration with the cardiomyocytes. The cardiac macrophages originate from bone marrow stem cells, migrate to local via vessel, and settle down as a naturalization process in heart. As the macrophages perform on regulating electrical conduction, and accomplish post MI non-scared completed regeneration or partial regeneration with fibrotic scar at different stage of postnatal development, we understand that multiple functions of cardiac macrophage should carry on with diverse linages. The naturalization process in heart of macrophages to the cardiomyocytes serves important roles to control of electrical signaling and calcium-dependent contractile function of the heart.

Syncytium calcium signaling and macrophage function in the heart.

Calcium signaling: an underlying link between cardiac disease and carcinogenesis.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global cause of mortality, which has prompted numerous studies seeking to reduce the risk of heart failure and sudden cardiac death. While regular physical activity is known to improve CVD associated morbidity and mortality, the optimal duration, frequency, and intensity of exercise remains unclear. To address this uncertainty, various animal models have been used to study the cardioprotective effects of exercise and related molecular mechanism such as the mice training models significantly decrease size of myocardial infarct by affecting Kir6.1, VSMC sarc-K channels, and pulmonary eNOS. Although these findings cement the importance of animal models in studying exercise induced cardioprotection, the vast assortment of exercise protocols makes comparison across studies difficult. To address this issue, we review and break down the existent exercise models into categories based on exercise modality, intensity, frequency, and duration. The timing of sample collection is also compared and sorted into four distinct phases: pre-exercise (Phase I), mid-exercise (Phase II), exercise recovery (Phase III), and post-exercise (Phase IV). Finally, because the life-span of animals so are limited, small changes in animal exercise duration can corresponded to untenable amounts of human exercise. To address this limitation, we introduce the Life-Span Relative Exercise Time (RET) as a method of accurately defining short-term, medium-term and long-term exercise relative to the animal's life expectancy. Systematic organization of existent protocols and this new system of defining exercise duration will allow for a more solid framework from which researchers can extrapolate animal model data to clinical application.

A systematic comparison of exercise training protocols on animal models of cardiovascular capacity.

Calcium signaling are conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates and plays critical roles in many molecular mechanisms of embryogenesis and postnatal development. As a critical component of the signaling pathway, the RyR medicated calcium-induced calcium release signaling system, has been well studied along with their regulator FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12/Calstabin). Lack of FKBP12 is known to result in lethal cardiac dysfunction in mouse. However, precisely how FKBP12 is regulated and effects calcium signaling in  remains largely unknown.

Dynamics expression of  during embryonic early development of .

Physical exercise is well known to benefit human health at every age. However, the exact mechanism through which physical exercise improves health remains unknown. Recent studies into exercise-induced myokine FNDC5/irisin, a newly discovered hormone, have begun to shed light on this mystery. Exercise-induced myokine FNDC5/irisin have been shown to be protective against cardiovascular damage post ischemic event, improve function in the neurons of Alzheimer's disease patients, and have been implicated in macrophage and adipocyte regulation. Elegantly designed experiments have shown FNDC5/irisin to promote Nkx2.5 cardiac progenitor cell dependent cardiac regeneration, neovascularization, and reduce cardiac fibrosis. It has also been shown to improve macrophage function, which may protect against injuries to the cardiac conduction system. Similarly, FNDC5/irisin knockout mice have been shown to have reduced memory performance, while peripheral overexpression of FNDC5/irisin has been shown to improve memory impairment in a murine Alzheimer's disease model. Finally, FNDC5/irisin has been linked to regulation of osteocytes and adipocytes by signaling through the cytoplasmic membrane integrated protein aV/b5 integrin, the first known receptor for this newly discovered hormone. Although these recent discoveries have cemented the importance of FNDC5/irisin, many details regarding how FNDC5/irisin fits into the physiology of exercise benefits remain unknown and are deserving of future inquiry.

Exercise-induced myokine FNDC5/irisin functions in cardiovascular protection and intracerebral retrieval of synaptic plasticity.

Whether neurogenesis occurs in the adult human brain has been a long-debated topic fueled by conflicting data both for and against neurogenesis in the mature brain. Recent reports from two independent teams may have indubitably proven that adult, hippocampal neurogenesis persists throughout the human lifespan. Llorens-Martín et al. found that thousands of immature, neurogenesis related, doublecortin-positive (DCX) labelled neurons can be detected in the human dentate gyrus (DG) up to the eighth decade of life. While the presence of these DCX neurons decrease with age, they are significantly decrease in patient with Alzheimer's disease. Another group have also found mammalian embryonic Hopx precursors to persist beyond the early development stage as quiescent Hopx radial glial-like neural progenitors during early postnatal period, then as Hopx adult dentate neural progenitors. Together, the findings from these two groups suggest that unlike the previously thought, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity can occur well into adulthood in some capacity, at least in the hippocampus. These recent findings that neurogenesis can occur beyond development have brought into questions whether physical exercise can be shown to promote neurogenesis and brain health, as it has been shown to promote the function of other organ systems. Some data has already shown physical exercise to induce adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) as demonstrated by restoration of cognitive functions, improvement of synaptic plasticity, and enhancement of angiogenesis. A large-scale meta-analysis has also demonstrated that 45-60 min of moderate-intensity physical exercise to dramatically improve cognitive functions in human subjects over the age of 50. Given these convergent developments in our understanding of neurogenesis and exercise induced improvement in cognitive function, we speculate that hippocampal neurogenesis can be promoted by physical exercise and discuss the current molecular evidence supporting the likely molecular pathways involved.

Physical exercise: bulking up neurogenesis in human adults.

Apicomplexan parasites have challenged researchers for nearly a century. A major challenge to developing efficient treatments and vaccines is the parasite's ability to change its cellular and molecular makeup to develop intracellular and extracellular niches in its hosts. Ca signaling is an important messenger for the egress of the malaria parasite from the infected erythrocyte, gametogenesis, ookinete motility in the mosquito, and sporozoite invasion of mammalian hepatocytes. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have crucial functions in calcium signaling at various stages of the parasite's life cycle; this therefore makes them attractive drug targets against malaria. Here, we summarize the functions of the various CDPK isoforms in relation to the malaria life cycle by emphasizing the molecular mechanism of developmental progression within host tissues. We also discuss the current development of anti-malarial drugs, such as how specific bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) for parasite CDPKs have been shown to reduce infection in , , and . Our suggested combinations of BKIs, artemisinin derivatives with peroxide bridge, and inhibitors on the Ca(2+)-ATPase PfATP6 as a potential target should be inspected further as a treatment against malaria.

Calcium-dependent Protein Kinases in Malaria Parasite Development and Infection.

In the past 30 years, incidences of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen by 30%. However, there is still no clear mechanism or accurate method of anticipating liver failure. Here we reveal the phase transitions of liquid crystalline qualities in hepatic lipid droplets (HLDs) as a novel method of anticipating prognosis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease experiences accumulation of hepatic liquid crystal associated with increasing lipophagy.

Corrigendum to "A systematic comparison of exercise training protocols on animal models of cardiovascular capacity" [Life Sci. 217 (2019) 128-140].

Under natural conditions, injured cells can be repaired rapidly through inherent biological processes. However, in the case of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, muscular dystrophy, and other degenerative conditions, the natural repair process is impaired. Repair of injury to the cell membrane is an important aspect of physiology. Inadequate membrane repair function is implicated in the pathophysiology of many human disorders. Recent studies show that Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), a TRIM family protein, plays a key role in repairing cell membrane damage and facilitating tissue regeneration. Clarifying the role of MG53 and its molecular mechanism are important for the application of MG53 in regenerative medicine. In this review, we analyze current research dissecting MG53's function in cell membrane repair and tissue regeneration, and highlight the development of recombinant human MG53 protein as a potential therapeutic agent to repair multiple-organ injuries.

MG53, A Tissue Repair Protein with Broad Applications in Regenerative Medicine.

Vascular calcification is a closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension and aging. The extent of vascular calcification is closely correlate with adverse clinical events and cardiovascular all-cause mortality. The role of autophagy in vascular calcification is complex with many mechanistic unknowns.

Multiple functions of autophagy in vascular calcification.

MG53 is an essential component of the cell membrane repair machinery, participating in the healing of dermal wounds. Here we develop a novel delivery system using recombinant human MG53 (rhMG53) protein and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging gel to treat diabetic wounds. Mice with ablation of MG53 display defective hair follicle structure, and topical application of rhMG53 can promote hair growth in the   mice. Cell lineage tracing studies reveal a physiological function of MG53 in modulating the proliferation of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). We find that rhMG53 protects HFSCs from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and stimulates differentiation of HSFCs into keratinocytes. The cytoprotective function of MG53 is mediated by STATs and MAPK signaling in HFSCs. The thermosensitive ROS-scavenging gel encapsulated with rhMG53 allows for sustained release of rhMG53 and promotes healing of chronic cutaneous wounds and hair follicle development in the  mice. These findings support the potential therapeutic value of using rhMG53 in combination with ROS-scavenging gel to treat diabetic wounds.

Article	Year
Characterization of tubular liquid crystal structure in embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 28066542	2017
Comparative analysis of FKBP family protein: evaluation, structure, and function in mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. BMC developmental biology\| PubMed ID: 29587629	2018
Syncytium calcium signaling and macrophage function in the heart. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 29599964	2018
Calcium signaling: an underlying link between cardiac disease and carcinogenesis. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 29930797	2018
A systematic comparison of exercise training protocols on animal models of cardiovascular capacity. Life sciences\| PubMed ID: 30517851	2019
Dynamics expression of during embryonic early development of . Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 30637096	2019
Exercise-induced myokine FNDC5/irisin functions in cardiovascular protection and intracerebral retrieval of synaptic plasticity. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 30984367	2019
Physical exercise: bulking up neurogenesis in human adults. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 31508196	2019
Calcium-dependent Protein Kinases in Malaria Parasite Development and Infection. Cell transplantation\| PubMed ID: 32180432	2020
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease experiences accumulation of hepatic liquid crystal associated with increasing lipophagy. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 32280452	2020
Corrigendum to "A systematic comparison of exercise training protocols on animal models of cardiovascular capacity" [Life Sci. 217 (2019) 128-140]. Life sciences\| PubMed ID: 32505340	2020
MG53, A Tissue Repair Protein with Broad Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells\| PubMed ID: 33440658	2021
Multiple functions of autophagy in vascular calcification. Cell & bioscience\| PubMed ID: 34399835	2021
Sustained delivery of rhMG53 promotes diabetic wound healing and hair follicle development. Bioactive materials\| PubMed ID: 35387169	2022

Xuehon Xu

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