a-mouse-model-to-investigate-role-cancer-associated-fibroblasts-tumor

A Mouse Model to Investigate the Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Growth

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can play an important role in tumor growth by creating a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Models to study the role ...

Princeton University

A balance between angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors in the microenvironment controls the rate of new blood vessel formation. We hypothesized that fibroblasts, an important cellular constituent of the tissue stroma, secrete molecules that contribute to this balance. We further hypothesized that fibroblasts secrete molecules that promote angiogenesis when they are in a proliferative state and molecules that inhibit angiogenesis when they are not actively cycling (quiescent). Microarray analysis revealed that angiogenesis inducers and inhibitors are regulated as fibroblasts transition into a quiescent state and reenter the cell cycle in response to changes in serum. To assess whether changes in transcript levels result in changes in the levels of secreted proteins, we collected conditioned medium from proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts and performed immunoblotting for selected proteins. Secreted protein levels of the angiogenesis inhibitor pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) were higher in quiescent than proliferating fibroblasts. Conversely, proliferating fibroblasts secreted increased levels of the angiogenesis inducer vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). For the angiogenesis inhibitor thrombospondin-2, quiescent cells secreted a prominent 160 kDa form in addition to the 200 kDa form secreted by proliferating and restimulated fibroblasts. Using immunohistochemistry we discovered that fibroblasts surround blood vessels and that the angiogenesis inhibitor PEDF is expressed by quiescent fibroblasts in uterine tissue, supporting a role for PEDF in maintaining quiescence of the vasculature. This work takes a new approach to the study of angiogenesis by examining the expression of multiple angiogenesis regulators secreted from a key stromal cell, the fibroblast.

Regulating the angiogenic balance in tissues.

Human genomic data of many types are readily available, but the complexity and scale of human molecular biology make it difficult to integrate this body of data, understand it from a systems level, and apply it to the study of specific pathways or genetic disorders. An investigator could best explore a particular protein, pathway, or disease if given a functional map summarizing the data and interactions most relevant to his or her area of interest. Using a regularized Bayesian integration system, we provide maps of functional activity and interaction networks in over 200 areas of human cellular biology, each including information from approximately 30,000 genome-scale experiments pertaining to approximately 25,000 human genes. Key to these analyses is the ability to efficiently summarize this large data collection from a variety of biologically informative perspectives: prediction of protein function and functional modules, cross-talk among biological processes, and association of novel genes and pathways with known genetic disorders. In addition to providing maps of each of these areas, we also identify biological processes active in each data set. Experimental investigation of five specific genes, AP3B1, ATP6AP1, BLOC1S1, LAMP2, and RAB11A, has confirmed novel roles for these proteins in the proper initiation of macroautophagy in amino acid-starved human fibroblasts. Our functional maps can be explored using HEFalMp (Human Experimental/Functional Mapper), a web interface allowing interactive visualization and investigation of this large body of information.

Exploring the human genome with functional maps.

Quiescence is a state of reversible cell cycle arrest that can grant protection against many environmental insults. In some systems, cellular quiescence is associated with a low metabolic state characterized by a decrease in glucose uptake and glycolysis, reduced translation rates and activation of autophagy as a means to provide nutrients for survival. For cells in multiple different quiescence model systems, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian lymphocytes and hematopoietic stem cells, the PI3Kinase/TOR signaling pathway helps to integrate information about nutrient availability with cell growth rates. Quiescence signals often inactivate the TOR kinase, resulting in reduced cell growth and biosynthesis. However, quiescence is not always associated with reduced metabolism; it is also possible to achieve a state of cellular quiescence in which glucose uptake, glycolysis and flux through central carbon metabolism are not reduced. In this review, we compare and contrast the metabolic changes that occur with quiescence in different model systems.

Staying alive: metabolic adaptations to quiescence.

Proteasome inhibition is used as a treatment strategy for multiple types of cancers. Although proteasome inhibition can induce apoptotic cell death in actively proliferating cells, it is less effective in quiescent cells. In this study, we used primary human fibroblasts as a model system to explore the link between the proliferative state of a cell and proteasome inhibition-mediated cell death. We found that proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts have strikingly different responses to MG132, a proteasome inhibitor; proliferating cells rapidly apoptosed, whereas quiescent cells maintained viability. Moreover, MG132 treatment of proliferating fibroblasts led to increased superoxide anion levels, juxtanuclear accumulation of ubiquitin- and p62/SQSTM1-positive protein aggregates, and apoptotic cell death, whereas MG132-treated quiescent cells displayed fewer juxtanuclear protein aggregates, less apoptosis, and higher levels of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. In both cell states, reducing reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine lessened protein aggregation and decreased apoptosis, suggesting that protein aggregation promotes apoptosis. In contrast, increasing cellular superoxide levels with 2-methoxyestradiol treatment or inhibition of autophagy/lysosomal pathways with bafilomycin A1 sensitized serum-starved quiescent cells to MG132-induced apoptosis. Thus, antioxidant defenses and the autophagy/lysosomal pathway protect serum-starved quiescent fibroblasts from proteasome inhibition-induced cytotoxicity.

Article	Year
Regulating the angiogenic balance in tissues. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)\| PubMed ID: 18642446	2008
Exploring the human genome with functional maps. Genome research\| PubMed ID: 19246570	2009
Staying alive: metabolic adaptations to quiescence. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)\| PubMed ID: 22510571	2012
Quiescent fibroblasts are protected from proteasome inhibition-mediated toxicity. Molecular biology of the cell\| PubMed ID: 22875985	2012

Erin Haley

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