2d-3d-human-induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-based-models-to-dissect

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile dynamic microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells. They emerge from the older ...

Université de paris

APHP- Necker Enfants Malades Hospital

Université Paris Cité

Deletions and mutations involving the SHANK3 gene lead to a nonspecific clinical presentation with moderate to profound intellectual disability, severely delayed or absent speech, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Better knowledge of the clinical spectrum of SHANK3 haploinsufficiency is useful to facilitate clinical care monitoring and to guide molecular diagnosis, essential for genetic counselling.

Case report: an unexpected link between partial deletion of the SHANK3 gene and Heller's dementia infantilis, a rare subtype of autism spectrum disorder.

Mutations in ATP1A3 are involved in a large spectrum of neurological disorders, including rapid onset dystonia parkinsonism (RDP), alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and cerebellar ataxia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS), with recent descriptions of overlapping phenotypes. In AHC, a few familial cases of autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported, along with cases of de novo sporadic mutations. In contrast, autosomal dominant inheritance has frequently been associated with RDP and CAPOS. Here, we report on two unrelated sets of full siblings with ATP1A3 mutations, (c.2116G>A) p. Gly706Arg in the first family, and (c.2266C>T) p. Arg756Cys in the second family, presenting with familial recurrence of the disease. Both families displayed parental germline mosaicism. In the first family, the brother and sister presented with severe intellectual deficiency, early onset pharmacoresistant epilepsy, ataxia, and autistic features. In the second family, both sisters demonstrated severe encephalopathy with ataxia and dystonia following a regression episode during a febrile episode during infancy. To our knowledge, mosaicism has not previously been reported in ATP1A3-related disorders. This report, therefore, provides evidence that germline mosaicism for ATP1A3 mutations is a likely explanation for familial recurrence and should be considered during recurrence risk counseling for families of children with ATP1A3-related disorders.

Mosaicism in ATP1A3-related disorders: not just a theoretical risk.

Mutations in COL4A1 have been reported in schizencephaly and porencephaly combined with microbleeds or calcifications, often associated with ocular and renal abnormalities, myopathy, elevated creatine kinase levels and haemolytic anaemia. In this study, we aimed to clarify the phenotypic spectrum of COL4A1/A2 mutations in the context of cortical malformations that include schizencephaly, polymicrogyria and/or heterotopia.

Further refinement of COL4A1 and COL4A2 related cortical malformations.

Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a malformation of cortical development which presents with heterogeneous imaging, neurological phenotype and outcome. There is a paucity of comprehensive description detailing the prenatal diagnosis of PNH. The aim of this study is to report neuroimaging features and correlated outcomes in order to delineate the spectrum of prenatally diagnosed PNH.

Prenatally diagnosed periventricular nodular heterotopia: Further delineation of the imaging phenotype and outcome.

Inositol polyphosphates are vital metabolic and secondary messengers, involved in diverse cellular functions. Therefore, tight regulation of inositol polyphosphate metabolism is essential for proper cell physiology. Here, we describe an early-onset neurodegenerative syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutations in the multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 gene (MINPP1). Patients are found to have a distinct type of Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia with typical basal ganglia involvement on neuroimaging. We find that patient-derived and genome edited MINPP1 induced stem cells exhibit an inefficient neuronal differentiation combined with an increased cell death. MINPP1 deficiency results in an intracellular imbalance of the inositol polyphosphate metabolism. This metabolic defect is characterized by an accumulation of highly phosphorylated inositols, mostly inositol hexakisphosphate (IP), detected in HEK293 cells, fibroblasts, iPSCs and differentiating neurons lacking MINPP1. In mutant cells, higher IP level is expected to be associated with an increased chelation of intracellular cations, such as iron or calcium, resulting in decreased levels of available ions. These data suggest the involvement of IP-mediated chelation on Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia disease pathology and thereby highlight the critical role of MINPP1 in the regulation of human brain development and homeostasis.

MINPP1 prevents intracellular accumulation of the chelator inositol hexakisphosphate and is mutated in Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia.

The Forkhead transcription factor FOXG1 is a prerequisite for telencephalon development in mammals and is an essential factor controlling expansion of the dorsal telencephalon by promoting neuron and interneuron production. Heterozygous FOXG1 gene mutations cause FOXG1 syndrome characterized by severe intellectual disability, motor delay, dyskinetic movements and epilepsy. Neuroimaging studies in patients disclose constant features including microcephaly, corpus callosum dysgenesis and delayed myelination. Currently, investigative research on the underlying pathophysiology relies on mouse models only and indicates that de-repression of FOXG1 target genes may cause premature neuronal differentiation at the expense of the progenitor pool, patterning and migration defects with impaired formation of cortico-cortical projections. It remains an open question to which extent this recapitulates the neurodevelopmental pathophysiology in FOXG1-haploinsufficient patients. To close this gap, we performed neuropathological analyses in two foetal cases with FOXG1 premature stop codon mutations interrupted during the third trimester of the pregnancy for microcephaly and corpus callosum dysgenesis. In these foetuses, we observed cortical lamination defects and decreased neuronal density mainly affecting layers II, III and V that normally give rise to cortico-cortical and inter-hemispheric axonal projections. GABAergic interneurons were also reduced in number in the cortical plate and persisting germinative zones. Additionally, we observed more numerous PDGFRα-positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells and fewer Olig2-positive pre-oligodendrocytes compared to age-matched control brains, arguing for delayed production and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage leading to delayed myelination. These findings provide key insights into the human pathophysiology of FOXG1 syndrome.

Human neuropathology confirms projection neuron and interneuron defects and delayed oligodendrocyte production and maturation in FOXG1 syndrome.

Primary microcephaly and megalencephaly are severe brain malformations defined by reduced and increased brain size, respectively. Whether these two pathologies arise from related alterations at the molecular level is unclear. Microcephaly has been largely associated with centrosomal defects, leading to cell death. Here, we investigate the consequences of WDR81 loss of function, which causes severe microcephaly in patients. We show that WDR81 regulates endosomal trafficking of EGFR and that loss of function leads to reduced MAP kinase pathway activation. Mouse radial glial progenitor cells knocked-out for WDR81 exhibit reduced proliferation rate, subsequently leading to reduced brain size. These proliferation defects are rescued in vivo by expressing a megalencephaly-causing mutant form of Cyclin D2. Our results identify the endosomal machinery as an important regulator of proliferation rates and brain growth, demonstrating that microcephaly and megalencephaly can be caused by opposite effects on the proliferation rate of radial glial progenitors.

Article	Year
Case report: an unexpected link between partial deletion of the SHANK3 gene and Heller's dementia infantilis, a rare subtype of autism spectrum disorder. BMC psychiatry\| PubMed ID: 26489495	2015
Mosaicism in ATP1A3-related disorders: not just a theoretical risk. Neurogenetics\| PubMed ID: 27726050	2017
Further refinement of COL4A1 and COL4A2 related cortical malformations. European journal of medical genetics\| PubMed ID: 30315939	2018
Prenatally diagnosed periventricular nodular heterotopia: Further delineation of the imaging phenotype and outcome. European journal of medical genetics\| PubMed ID: 30391507	2018
MINPP1 prevents intracellular accumulation of the chelator inositol hexakisphosphate and is mutated in Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 33257696	2020
Human neuropathology confirms projection neuron and interneuron defects and delayed oligodendrocyte production and maturation in FOXG1 syndrome. European journal of medical genetics\| PubMed ID: 34284163	2021
Endosomal trafficking defects alter neural progenitor proliferation and cause microcephaly. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 35013230	2022

Nadia Bahi-Buisson

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