microfluidic-acoustophoresis-for-flowthrough-separation-gram-negative

Microfluidic Acoustophoresis for Flowthrough Separation of Gram-Negative Bacteria using Aptamer Affinity Beads

This article describes the fabrication and operation of microfluidic acoustophoretic chips using a microfluidic acoustophoresis technique and ...

Inje University

inje university

Enriching the surface density of immobilized capture antibodies enhances the detection signal of antibody sandwich microarrays. In this study, we improved the detection sensitivity of our previously developed P-Si (porous silicon) antibody microarray by optimizing concentrations of the capturing antibody. We investigated immunoassays using a P-Si microarray at three different capture antibody (PSA - prostate specific antigen) concentrations, analyzing the influence of the antibody density on the assay detection sensitivity. The LOD (limit of detection) for PSA was 2.5 ng mL(-1), 80 pg mL(-1), and 800 fg mL(-1) when arraying the PSA antibody, H117 at the concentration 15 μg mL(-1), 35 μg mL(-1), and 154 μg mL(-1), respectively. We further investigated PSA spiked into human female serum in the range of 800 fg mL(-1) to 500 ng mL(-1). The microarray showed a LOD of 800 fg mL(-1) and a dynamic range of 800 fg mL(-1) to 80 ng mL(-1) in serum spiked samples.

Improved porous silicon microarray based prostate specific antigen immunoassay by optimized surface density of the capture antibody.

Here, we report a sol-gel integrated affinity microarray for on-chip matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) that enables capture and identification of prostate?specific antigen (PSA) in samples. An anti-PSA antibody (H117) was mixed with a sol?gel, and the mixture was spotted onto a porous silicon (pSi) surface without additional surface modifications. The antibody easily penetrates the sol-gel macropore fluidic network structure, making possible high affinities. To assess the capture affinity of the platform, we performed a direct assay using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PSA. Pure PSA was subjected to on-chip MALDI-TOF-MS analysis, yielding three clear mass peptide peaks (m/z = 1272, 1407, and 1872). The sol-gel microarray platform enables dual readout of PSA both fluorometric and MALDI-TOF MS analysis in biological samples. Here we report a useful method for a means for discovery of biomarkers in complex body fluids.

A Sol-gel Integrated Dual-readout Microarray Platform for Quantification and Identification of Prostate-specific Antigen.

Here, we report a simple and effective method for capturing and displacement of gram-negative bacteria using aptamer-modified microbeads and acoustophoresis. As acoustophoresis allows for simultaneous washing and size-dependent separation in continuous flow mode, we efficiently obtained gram-negative bacteria that showed high affinity without any additional washing steps. The proposed device has a simple and efficient channel design, utilizing a long, square-shaped microchannel that shows excellent separation performance in terms of the purity, recovery, and concentration factor. Microbeads (10 µm) coated with the GN6 aptamer can specifically bind gram-negative bacteria. After incubation of bacteria culture sample with aptamer affinity bead, gram-negative bacteria-bound microbeads, and other unbound/contaminants can be separated by size with high purity and recovery. The device demonstrated excellent separation performance, with high recovery (up to 98%), high purity (up to 99%), and a high-volume rate (500 µL/min). The acoustophoretic separation performances were conducted using 5 Gram-negative bacteria and 5 Gram-positive bacteria. Thanks to GN6 aptamer's binding affinity, aptamer affinity bead also showed binding affinity to multiple strains of gram-negative bacteria, but not to gram-positive bacteria. GN6 coated bead can capture Gram-negative bacteria but not Gram-positive bacteria. This study may present a different perspective in the field of early diagnosis in bacterial infectious diseases. In addition to detecting living bacteria or bacteria-derived biomarkers, this protocol can be extended to monitoring the contamination of water resources and may aid quick responses to bioterrorism and pathogenic bacterial infections.

Aptamer Affinity-Bead Mediated Capture and Displacement of Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Acoustophoresis.

We developed a one-minute, one-step SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay based on protein-induced fluorescence enhancement of a DNA aptamer. The system showed significant selectivity and sensitivity towards both nucleocapsid protein and SARS-CoV-2 virus lysate, but with marked improvements in speed and manufacturability. We hence propose this platform as a mix-and-read testing strategy for SARS-CoV-2 that can be applied to POC diagnostics in clinical settings, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Mix-and-read, one-minute SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay: development of PIFE-based aptasensor.

In this study, we demonstrate an acoustofluidic device that enables single-file focusing of submicron particles and bacteria using a two-dimensional (2D) acoustic standing wave. The device consists of a 100 μm × 100 μm square channel that supports 2D particle focusing in the channel center at an actuation frequency of 7.39 MHz. This higher actuation frequency compared with conventional bulk acoustic systems enables radiation-force-dominant motion of submicron particles and overcomes the classical size limitation (≈2 μm) of acoustic focusing. We present acoustic radiation force-based focusing of particles with diameters less than 0.5 μm at a flow rate of 12 μL min, and 1.33 μm particles at flow rates up to 80 μL min. The device focused 0.25 μm particles by the 2D acoustic radiation force while undergoing a channel cross-section centered, single-vortex acoustic streaming. A suspension of bacteria was also investigated to evaluate the biological relevance of the device, which demonstrated the alignment of bacteria in the channel at a flow rate of up to 20 μL min. The developed acoustofluidic device can align submicron particles within a narrow flow stream in a highly robust manner, validating its use as a flow-through focusing chamber to perform high-throughput and accurate flow cytometry of submicron objects.

Reduced acoustic resonator dimensions improve focusing efficiency of bacteria and submicron particles.

In this paper, we proposed an integrated microfluidic device that could demonstrate the non-contact, label-free separation of particles and cells through the combination of inertial microfluidics and acoustophoresis. The proposed device integrated two microfluidic chips which were a PDMS channel chip on top of the silicon-based acoustofluidic chip. The PDMS chip worked by prefocusing the particles/cells through inducing the inertial force of the channel structure. The connected acoustofluidic chips separated particles based on their size through an acoustic radiation force. In the serpentine-shaped PDMS chip, particles formed two lines focusing in the channel, and a trifugal-shaped acoustofluidic chip displaced and separated particles, in which larger particles focused on the central channel and smaller ones moved to the side channels. The simultaneous fluidic works allowed high-efficiency particle separation. Using this novel acoustofluidic device with an inertial microchannel, the separation of particles and cells based on their size was presented and analyzed, and the efficiency of the device was shown. The device demonstrated excellent separation performance with a high recovery ratio (up to 96.3%), separation efficiency (up to 99%), and high volume rate (&gt;100 µL/min). Our results showed that integrated devices could be a viable alternative to current cell separation based on their low cost, reduced sample consumption and high throughput capability.

Inertia-Acoustophoresis Hybrid Microfluidic Device for Rapid and Efficient Cell Separation.

Flow cytometry has become an indispensable tool for counting, analyzing, and sorting large cell populations in biological research and medical practice. Unfortunately, it has limitations in the analysis of non-spherically shaped cells due to the variation of their alignment with respect to the flow direction and, hence, the optical interrogation axis, resulting in unreliable cell analysis. Here, we present a simple on-chip acoustofluidic method to fix the orientation of ellipsoidal cells and focus them into a single, aligned stream. Specifically, by generating acoustic standing waves inside a 100 ⋅ 100 µm square-shaped microchannel, we successfully aligned and focused up to 97.7% of a population of Euglena gracilis (an ellipsoidal shaped microalgal species) cells in the center of the microchannel with high precision at a volume rate of 25 to 200 µL min. Uniform positioning of ellipsoidal cells is essential for making flow cytometry applicable to the investigation of a greater variety of cell populations and is expected to be beneficial for ecological studies and aquaculture.

Article	Year
Improved porous silicon microarray based prostate specific antigen immunoassay by optimized surface density of the capture antibody. Analytica chimica acta\| PubMed ID: 24016590	2013
A Sol-gel Integrated Dual-readout Microarray Platform for Quantification and Identification of Prostate-specific Antigen. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry\| PubMed ID: 29526899	2018
Aptamer Affinity-Bead Mediated Capture and Displacement of Gram-Negative Bacteria Using Acoustophoresis. Micromachines\| PubMed ID: 31718045	2019
Mix-and-read, one-minute SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay: development of PIFE-based aptasensor. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)\| PubMed ID: 34523638	2021
Reduced acoustic resonator dimensions improve focusing efficiency of bacteria and submicron particles. The Analyst\| PubMed ID: 34889326	2022
Inertia-Acoustophoresis Hybrid Microfluidic Device for Rapid and Efficient Cell Separation. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)\| PubMed ID: 35808206	2022
Square microchannel enables to focus and orient ellipsoidal Euglena gracilis cells by two-dimensional acoustic standing wave. Mikrochimica acta\| PubMed ID: 35969307	2022

SangWook Lee

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