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Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

Ewha Womans University

 Gender inequality is a barrier to education toward women and accessibility to health facilities, which are important for preventing vertical transmission. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of gender equity on vertically transmitted infections (hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and syphilis) using country-level indicators.  The relationship between the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), which is indicator of gender equity, and vertical transmission was analyzed. GGGI scores were collected from 153 countries in 2020. Vertical transmission included 10 outcomes for hepatitis viruses, HIV, and syphilis. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used for analyzing the relationship. Other predictors included skilled birth attendant and country income.  The median GGGI score was 0.706 (interquartile range, 0.664-0.736). GLM showed that the GGGI score was significantly associated with the incidence of both chronic hepatitis B and C in under 5 years (both <0.001). For HIV, GGGI score was significantly associated with the pregnant women with unknown HIV status (=0.001), no early infant diagnosis (=0.027), and final transmission rate (=0.005). There was no significant predictor for pregnant women who have not received antiretroviral therapy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. All syphilis indicators have improved in high-income countries compared to low-income countries. GGGI score had a significant association only with no syphilis screening (<0.001).  A lower GGGI score was associated with higher vertical transmission of hepatitis and HIV. The improvement of gender equity might prevent vertical transmission of these viruses. Further intervention studies are warranted to verify the results.

Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country-Level Analysis Across 153 Countries.

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for neuroscience research due to its unrivaled feature of cell-type-specific neuromodulation. There have been several technological advances in light delivery devices. Among them, the combination of optogenetics and electrophysiology provides an opportunity for facilitating optogenetic approaches. In this study, a novel design of an optrode array was proposed for realizing optical modulation and electrophysiological recording. A 4 × 4 optrode array and five-channel recording electrodes were assembled as a disposable part, while a reusable part comprised an LED (light-emitting diode) source and a power line. After the characterization of the intensity of the light delivered at the fiber tips, in vivo animal experiment was performed with transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin, showing the effectiveness of optical activation and neural recording.

Implantable Optrode Array for Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording.

. This paper presents a conventional light emitting diode (LED) and polymer waveguide coupled silicon optrode array.. Unique lens design at the waveguide inlet enables a high light coupling efficiency with a single LED light source, and provides small power consumption compatible with a wireless optogenetic neuromodulation system. To increase the light intensity at the waveguide tip, a lensed waveguide is fabricated with epoxy-based photoresist SU-8, which has a plano-convex lens shape at the waveguide inlet to focus the light in the horizontal direction. In addition, a cylindrical lens is assembled in front of the waveguide inlet to focus the source light in the vertical direction.. The glass cylindrical lens and SU-8 plano-convex lens increased the light coupling efficiency by 6.7 dB and 6.6 dB, respectively. The fabricated 1 × 4 array of optrodes is assembled with a single LED with 465 nm wavelength, which produces a light intensity of approximately 2.7 mW mmat the SU-8 waveguide outlet when 50 mA input current is applied to the LED. Each optrode has four recording electrodes at the SU-8 waveguide outlet. The average impedance of the iridium oxide (IrO) electroplated recording electrodes is 43.6 kΩ..experiment at the hippocampus region CA1 and CA2 demonstrated the capability of optical stimulation and neural signal recording through the LED and SU-8 waveguide coupled silicon optrode array.

Article	Year
Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country-Level Analysis Across 153 Countries. Health equity\| PubMed ID: 33564737	2021
Implantable Optrode Array for Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording. Micromachines\| PubMed ID: 34205473	2021
Silicon optrode array with monolithically integrated SU-8 waveguide and single LED light source. Journal of neural engineering\| PubMed ID: 35797969	2022

Youjin Lee

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