evaluation-postocclusive-reactive-hyperemia-rat-paw-skin-using-laser

Evaluation of Postocclusive Reactive Hyperemia in Rat Paw Skin Using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) is a modern, non-invasive technique for assessing microvascular perfusion in humans and laboratory animals. The ...

Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology

The overactivation of inflammatory pathways and/or a deficiency of neuroplasticity may result in the delayed recovery of neural function in traumatic brain injury (TBI). A promising approach to protecting the brain tissue in TBI is xenon (Xe) treatment. However, xenon's mechanisms of action remain poorly clarified. In this study, the early-onset expression of 91 target genes was investigated in the damaged and in the contralateral brain areas (sensorimotor cortex region) 6 and 24 h after injury in a TBI rat model. The expression of genes involved in inflammation, oxidation, antioxidation, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, apoptosis, DNA repair, autophagy, and mitophagy was assessed. The animals inhaled a gas mixture containing xenon and oxygen (ϕXe = 70%; ϕO 25-30% 60 min) 15-30 min after TBI. The data showed that, in the contralateral area, xenon treatment induced the expression of stress genes (, , , and ). In the damaged area, a trend towards lower expression of the inflammatory gene  was observed. Thus, our results suggest that xenon exerts a mild stressor effect in healthy brain tissue and has a tendency to decrease the inflammation following damage, which might contribute to reducing the damage and activating the early compensatory processes in the brain post-TBI.

Effect of Xenon Treatment on Gene Expression in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

The thromboembolic ischemia model is one of the most applicable for studying ischemic stroke in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a novel thromboembolic stroke model, allowing, by affordable tools, to reproduce cerebral infarction in rats. In the experimental group, the left common carotid artery, external carotid artery, and pterygopalatine branch of maxillary artery were ligated. A blood clot that was previously formed (during a 20 min period, in a catheter and syringe, by mixing with a thromboplastin solution and CaCl) was injected into the left internal carotid artery. After 10 min, the catheter was removed, and the incision was sutured. The neurological status of the animals was evaluated using a 20-point scale. Histological examination of brain tissue was performed 6, 24, 72 h, and 6 days post-stroke. All groups showed motor and behavioral disturbances 24 h after surgery, which persisted throughout the study period. A histological examination revealed necrotic foci of varying severity in the cortex and subcortical regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere, for all experimental groups. A decrease in the density of hippocampal pyramidal neurons was revealed. Compared with existing models, the proposed ischemic stroke model significantly reduces surgical time, does not require an expensive operating microscope, and consistently reproduces brain infarction in the area of the middle cerebral artery supply.

A Novel Thromboplastin-Based Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke.

In vivo studies of the therapeutic effects of argon in traumatic brain injury (TBI) are limited, and their results are contradictory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a three-hour inhalation of argon (70%Ar/30%O) after an open TBI on the severity of the neurological deficit and the degree of brain damage in rats. The experiments were performed on male Wistar rats ( = 35). The TBI was simulated by the dosed open brain contusion injury. The animals were divided into three groups: sham-operated (SO,  = 7); TBI + 70%N2/30%O (TBI,  = 14); TBI + 70%Ar/30%O (TBI + iAr,  = 14). The Neurological status was assessed over a 14-day period (using the limb-placing and cylinder tests). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and a histological examination of the brain with an assessment of the volume of the lesions were performed 14 days after the injury. At each of the time points (days 1, 7, and 14), the limb-placing test score was lower in the TBI and TBI + iAr groups than in the SO group, while there were no significant differences between the TBI and TBI + iAr groups. Additionally, no differences were found between these groups in the cylinder test scores (day 13). The volume of brain damage (tissue loss) according to both the MRI and histological findings did not differ between the TBI and TBI + iAr groups. A three-hour inhalation of argon (70%Ar/30%O) after a TBI had no neuroprotective effect.

Three-Hour Argon Inhalation Has No Neuroprotective Effect after Open Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) allows non-invasive assessment of microvascular functions. The combination of LDF with an occlusion functional test enables study of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), providing additional information about vasomotor function, capillary blood flow reserve, and the overall reactivity of the microvascular system.

Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia variables can be used to diagnose vascular dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock.

The fluorescence intensities of the cellular respiratory cofactors NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide) reflect energy metabolism in skin and other tissues and can be quantified in vivo by fluorescence spectroscopy (FS). However, the variability of physiological parameters largely determines the reproducibility of measurement results and the reliability of the diagnostic test. In this prospective study, we evaluated the interday reproducibility of NADH and FAD fluorescence intensity measurements in the skin of 51 healthy volunteers assessed by the FS at baseline, after local cooling (10°C) and heating of the skin (35°C). Results showed that the fluorescence amplitude of NADH (AF) in forearm skin was the most reproducible of the FS parameters studied. Assessment of AF in the dorsal forearm in combination with a thermal functional test is the most promising method for clinical use for assessing energy metabolism in the skin.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy With Temperature Functional Tests in the Assessment of Markers of Intracellular Energy Metabolism: Spatial Heterogeneity and Reproducibility of Measurements.

Article	Year
Effect of Xenon Treatment on Gene Expression in Brain Tissue after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Brain sciences\| PubMed ID: 34356124	2021
A Novel Thromboplastin-Based Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke. Brain sciences\| PubMed ID: 34827474	2021
Three-Hour Argon Inhalation Has No Neuroprotective Effect after Open Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Brain sciences\| PubMed ID: 35884727	2022
Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia variables can be used to diagnose vascular dysfunction in hemorrhagic shock. Microvascular research\| PubMed ID: 38092223	2024
Fluorescence Spectroscopy With Temperature Functional Tests in the Assessment of Markers of Intracellular Energy Metabolism: Spatial Heterogeneity and Reproducibility of Measurements. Journal of biophotonics\| PubMed ID: 39198025	2024

Ivan Ryzhkov

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