magnetic-resonance-guided-stereotaxy-for-infusions-to-the-pig-brain

Magnetic Resonance-Guided Stereotaxy for Infusions to the Pig Brain

The overall goal of this procedure is to perform stereotaxy in the pig brain with real-time magnetic resonance (MR) visualization guidance to provide ...

Houston Methodist Research Institute

The purpose of this review is to provide a discussion of the history and utility of robotics in invasive monitoring for epilepsy surgery using stereoelectroencephalography (sEEG). The authors conducted a literature review of available sources to describe how the advent of surgical robotics has improved the efficacy and ease of performing sEEG surgery. The sEEG method integrates anatomic, electrographic, and clinical information to test hypotheses regarding the localization of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and has been used in Europe since the 1950s. One of the primary benefits of robot-assisted sEEG implantation techniques is the ability to seamlessly transition between both orthogonal and oblique trajectory types using a single technique. Based on available information, it is our view that, when applied appropriately, robotic sEEG can have a low rate of complications and many advantages over both non-robotic sEEG implantation and traditional craniotomy-based invasive monitoring methods.

Contributions of Robotics to the Safety and Efficacy of Invasive Monitoring With Stereoelectroencephalography.

Stereotactic neurosurgery involves a targeted intervention based on congruence of image guidance to a reference fiducial system. This discipline has widespread applications in radiosurgery, tumor therapy, drug delivery, functional lesioning, and neuromodulation. In this article, we focused on convection-enhanced delivery to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain addressing areas of research and clinical development. We performed a robust literature review of all relevant articles highlighting current efforts and challenges of making this delivery technique more widely understood. We further described key biophysical properties of molecular transport in the extracellular space that may impact the efficacy and control of drug delivery using stereotactic methods. Understanding these principles is critical for further refinement of predictive models that can inform advances in stereotactic techniques for convection-enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain.

Convection-Enhanced Delivery and Principles of Extracellular Transport in the Brain.

The corticospinal tract (CST) is the main neural pathway responsible for conducting voluntary motor function in the central nervous system. The CST condenses into fiber bundles as it descends from the frontoparietal cortex, traveling down to terminate at the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The CST is at risk of injury from vascular insult from strokes and during neurosurgical procedures. The aim of this article is to identify and describe the vasculature associated with the CST from the cortex to the medulla. Dissection of cadaveric specimens was carried out in a manner, which exposed and preserved the fiber tracts of the CST, as well as the arterial systems that supply them. At the level of the motor cortex, the CST is supplied by terminal branches of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The white matter tracts of the corona radiata and internal capsule are supplied by small perforators including the lenticulostriate arteries and branches of the anterior choroidal artery. In the brainstem, the CST is supplied by anterior perforating branches from the basilar and vertebral arteries. The caudal portions of the CST in the medulla are supplied by the anterior spinal artery, which branches from the vertebral arteries. The non-anastomotic nature of the vessel systems of the CST highlights the importance of their preservation during neurosurgical procedures. Anatomical knowledge of the CST is paramount to clinical diagnosis and treatment of heterogeneity of neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, cerebrovascular, and skull base tumors.

Blood supply to the corticospinal tract: A pictorial review with application to cranial surgery and stroke.

To review our institutional experience with the surgical management of prolactinomas through the endoscopic endonasal approach with specific focus on cavernous sinus invasion.

The role of endoscopic endonasal surgery in the management of prolactinomas based on their invasiveness into the cavernous sinus.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurogenerative disease marked by the characteristic triad of bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. A significant percentage of patients with PD also demonstrate postural abnormalities (camptocormia) that limit ambulation and accelerate degenerative pathologies of the spine. Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for the motor fluctuations and tremor seen in PD, the efficacy of DBS on postural abnormalities in these patients is less clear.

Improvement in sagittal alignment and mechanical low-back pain following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: illustrative case.

Cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating loss of upper extremity function and independence. Nerve transfers are a promising approach to reanimate upper limbs; however, there remains a paucity of high-quality evidence supporting a clinical benefit for patients with tetraplegia.

Upper Limb Nerve Transfer Surgery in Patients With Tetraplegia.

Metastatic cancer may involve the central and peripheral nervous system, usually in the late stages of disease. At this point, most patients have been diagnosed and treated for widespread systemic disease. Rarely is the involvement of the peripheral nervous system the presenting manifestation of malignancy. One reason for this is a proposed "blood-nerve barrier" that renders the nerve sheath a relatively privileged site for metastases.

Melanoma metastasis to the femoral nerve: a novel case of melanoma masquerading as mononeuropathy. Illustrative case.

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is typically caused by a compressive etiology from a herniated disk, tumor, or fracture of the spine compressing the thecal sac. Here, we report a CES mimic - acute aortic occlusion (AAO), a rare disease that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. AAO can compromise spinal cord blood supply and leads to spinal cord ischemia.

Acute aortic occlusion leading to spinal cord ischemia in a 73-year-old: A case report.

Mechanomyography (MMG) is a novel intraoperative tool to detect and quantify nerve activity with high sensitivity as compared with traditional electromyographic recordings. MMG reflects the mechanical vibrations of single motor units detected through accelerometer sensors after direct motor neuron stimulation.

Incorporating Intraoperative Mechanomyography to Peripheral Nerve Decompression Surgery.

We thank the authors for their interest in and commentary on "Preoperative Serum Albumin Level Predicts Length of Stay and Perioperative Adverse Events Following Vertebral Corpectomy and Posterior Stabilization for Metastatic Spine Disease." We appreciate the opportunity to respond to their comments herein.

Response to Letter Regarding "Predictive Value of Preoperative Serum Albumin in Patients With Metastatic Spine Diseases: A Statistical Comment".

High cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) results in complete loss of upper-limb function, resulting in debilitating tetraplegia and permanent disability. Spontaneous motor recovery occurs to varying degrees in some patients, particularly in the 1st year postinjury. However, the impact of this upper-limb motor recovery on long-term functional outcomes remains unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the impact of upper-limb motor recovery on the degree of long-term functional outcomes in order to inform priorities for research interventions that restore upper-limb function in patients with high cervical SCI.

Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury.

The stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) procedure provides a unique 3D overview of the seizure-onset zone. Although the success of SEEG relies on the accuracy of depth electrode implantation, few studies have investigated how different implantation techniques and operative variables affect accuracy. This study examined the effect of two different electrode implantation techniques (external vs internal stylet) on implantation accuracy while controlling for other operative variables.

Article	Year
Contributions of Robotics to the Safety and Efficacy of Invasive Monitoring With Stereoelectroencephalography. Frontiers in neurology\| PubMed ID: 33391145	2020
Convection-Enhanced Delivery and Principles of Extracellular Transport in the Brain. World neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 34044166	2021
Blood supply to the corticospinal tract: A pictorial review with application to cranial surgery and stroke. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)\| PubMed ID: 34478213	2021
The role of endoscopic endonasal surgery in the management of prolactinomas based on their invasiveness into the cavernous sinus. Pituitary\| PubMed ID: 35467273	2022
Improvement in sagittal alignment and mechanical low-back pain following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: illustrative case. Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons\| PubMed ID: 36281475	2022
Upper Limb Nerve Transfer Surgery in Patients With Tetraplegia. JAMA network open\| PubMed ID: 36441549	2022
Melanoma metastasis to the femoral nerve: a novel case of melanoma masquerading as mononeuropathy. Illustrative case. Journal of neurosurgery. Case lessons\| PubMed ID: 36443958	2022
Acute aortic occlusion leading to spinal cord ischemia in a 73-year-old: A case report. Surgical neurology international\| PubMed ID: 36600757	2022
Incorporating Intraoperative Mechanomyography to Peripheral Nerve Decompression Surgery. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)\| PubMed ID: 36715998	2023
Response to Letter Regarding "Predictive Value of Preoperative Serum Albumin in Patients With Metastatic Spine Diseases: A Statistical Comment". Global spine journal\| PubMed ID: 37070613	2023
Association of upper-limb neurological recovery with functional outcomes in high cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine\| PubMed ID: 37243549	2023
Implantation accuracy and operative variables in robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography. Journal of neurosurgery\| PubMed ID: 37243553	2023

Amir H. Faraji

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