constructing-legal-knowledge-graphs-tracing-bias-medical-artificial

Constructing Legal Knowledge Graphs and Tracing Bias in Medical Artificial Intelligence Based on Graph Neural Networks

In medical artificial intelligence (AI) legal compliance analysis, this paper addresses the ambiguity in liability determination caused by the semantic ...

Civil Aviation Flight University of China

Etiologic diagnoses of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) have been relying primarily on bacterial cultures that often fail to return useful results in time. Although DNA-based assays are more sensitive than bacterial cultures in detecting pathogens, the molecular results are often inconsistent and challenged by doubts on false positives, such as those due to system- and environment-derived contaminations. Here we report a nationwide cohort study on 2986 suspected LRTI patients across P. R. China. We compared the performance of a DNA-based assay qLAMP (quantitative Loop-mediated isothermal AMPlification) with that of standard bacterial cultures in detecting a panel of eight common respiratory bacterial pathogens from sputum samples. Our qLAMP assay detects the panel of pathogens in 1047(69.28%) patients from 1533 qualified patients at the end. We found that the bacterial titer quantified based on qLAMP is a predictor of probability that the bacterium in the sample can be detected in culture assay. The relatedness of the two assays fits a logistic regression curve. We used a piecewise linear function to define breakpoints where latent pathogen abruptly change its competitive relationship with others in the panel. These breakpoints, where pathogens start to propagate abnormally, are used as cutoffs to eliminate the influence of contaminations from normal flora. With help of the cutoffs derived from statistical analysis, we are able to identify causative pathogens in 750 (48.92%) patients from qualified patients. In conclusion, qLAMP is a reliable method in quantifying bacterial titer. Despite the fact that there are always latent bacteria contaminated in sputum samples, we can identify causative pathogens based on cutoffs derived from statistical analysis of competitive relationship.

Etiologic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections using sputum samples and quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition).

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop hyperhomocysteinemia and have a higher cardiovascular mortality than those without hyperhomocysteinemia by 10-fold.

Chronic Kidney Disease Induces Inflammatory CD40+ Monocyte Differentiation via Homocysteine Elevation and DNA Hypomethylation.

This study aims to investigate the role of transcutaneous neuromodulation (TN) on the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids in patients with functional constipation (FC). Twenty FC patients were treated with TN for four weeks. The effects of TN on symptoms were evaluated by questionnaires. Plasma levels of serotonin (5-HT), motilin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured by ELISA and 12 individual bile acids assayed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results were as follows. (1) TN treatment increased the frequency of spontaneous bowel movement, improved the Bristol Stool Score, and reduced Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom score and Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life score. (2) FC patients showed decreased plasma levels of 5-HT, motilin, and VIP and an increased plasma level of somatostatin ( < 0.05). Four-week TN treatment increased plasma levels of 5-HT and motilin and decreased the plasma level of somatostatin in the FC patients ( < 0.05). (3) Taurocholic deoxycholate, taurocholic acid, and taurocholic lithocholic acid were increased in the FC patients ( < 0.005) but reduced by TN treatment ( < 0.05). This study has suggested that the therapy may improve the symptoms of FC by alleviating the disorders of gastrointestinal hormones and bile acids.

Home-Based Transcutaneous Neuromodulation Improved Constipation via Modulating Gastrointestinal Hormones and Bile Acids.

Pain has been a prominent medical concern since ancient times. Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pain in contemporary medicine, there is no a therapeutic cure for chronic pain. Chinese herbaceous peony, a traditional Chinese analgesic herb has been in clinical use for millennia, with widespread application and substantial efficacy. Paeoniflorin (PF), the main active ingredient of Chinese herbaceous peony, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, analgesic, and antispasmodic properties, among others. The analgesic effect of PF, involving multiple critical targets and pain regulatory pathways, has been a hot spot for current research. This article reviews the literature related to the analgesic effect of PF in the past decade and discusses the molecular mechanism of the analgesic effect of PF, including the protective effects of nerve cells, inhibition of inflammatory reactions, antioxidant effects, reduction of excitability in nociceptor, inhibition of the nociceptive excitatory neuroreceptor system, activation of the nociceptive inhibitory neuroreceptor system and regulation of other receptors involved in nociceptive sensitization. Thus, providing a theoretical basis for pain prevention and treatment research. Furthermore, the prospect of PF-based drug development is presented to propose new ideas for clinical analgesic therapy.

The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review.

Cisplatin chemotherapy has been used as the main treatment for different types of cancer. However, cisplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPNP) seriously affects the treatment process and quality of life of patients. In addition, it impacts the underlying mechanism and prevention and treatment strategies, indicating that drug selection and efficacy evaluation need to be further investigated. Furthermore, an animal model that is more consistent with the pathological mechanism needs to be developed. In this study, we describe and discuss the methods of developing and detecting CIPNP models in rats and mice induced by cisplatin chemotherapy. The aim was to improve the modeling rate and develop animal models that are more consistent with the developmental pattern of the disease. In addition, the study provides ideal reference animal models for clinical research and drug discovery and development.

Animal models of cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain.

The incidence and mortality rates of digestive tract tumors, especially gastric and colorectal cancers, are high worldwide. Owing to their unique advantages, such as efficient drug loading, safety, and targeting properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated great potential in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. However, their practical application is limited by several factors, such as high costs, few clinical trials, and long approval periods. In this review, we summarize three types of immunotherapeutic nanomaterial drugs for gastrointestinal tumors: organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials. This article also discusses the current status of research and development in this field and the advantages of each type of material to provide theoretical references for developing new drugs and advancing clinical research.

Nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery for immunotherapy of digestive tract tumors.

Oxaliplatin, a third-generation platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, has shown substantial efficacy in cancer treatment. However, its associated side effects, particularly chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPNP), continue to challenge cancer survivors globally. Clinically, it frequently presents as numbness, coldness, and discomfort in the limbs and extremities. Duloxetine is advised for analgesic purposes. Despite its clinical relevance, both the application methods and the underlying mechanisms of oxaliplatin-induced CINP warrant further investigation. Consequently, more precise animal models are needed to explore the mechanisms and progression of this condition. This review consolidates recent advancements in rat and mouse models of oxaliplatin-induced CINP, with the aim of enhancing modeling success rates and developing models that more accurately mirror disease progression. Such models are essential for advancing clinical research and drug development.

Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain in cancer: animal models and related research progress.

The aim of this study is to systematically retrieve, synthesize, and assess methodologies employed in the development of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (PIPNP) animal models, with the objective of optimizing protocols for model construction and evaluation. A structured search strategy was implemented using the terms "Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain" OR "Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain" AND "animal models" OR "rats" OR "mice" OR "experimental animals" across the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and VIP databases. Identical search criteria were applied to the PubMed and Web of Science platforms. The literature search covered publications from database inception through December 31, 2024. A total of 128 articles were reviewed, including 18 in Chinese and 110 in English. All studies employed rodent models, including 16 strains and including both sexes, with ages ranging from 5 weeks to 10 months. In rats, 28 distinct modeling protocols were identified: 4 involving continuous paclitaxel injections, 23 employing alternate-day injections, and 1 using a single administration. For mice, 21 methods were recorded, comprising 6 continuous, 13 alternate-day, and 2 single-injection protocols. Upon successful model induction, six behavioral pain alterations were consistently documented, evaluated using 16 different assessment techniques. Current PIPNP models predominantly utilize 6- to 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, with paclitaxel administered at 2 mg/kg on either days 0, 2, 4, and 6 or days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Based on data mining and comparative evaluation of modeling approaches, the use of 6- to 8-week-old male SD rats or 8- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with paclitaxel administered at 2 mg/kg on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 is recommended for establishing PIPNP models. The translational alignment between PIPNP models and clinical phenotypes remains insufficient and requires further refinement.

Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining.

The complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), which is composed of mainly tumor cells, immune cells, and cytokines, is a major obstacle limiting the effectiveness of immunotherapy, and the interactions among these factors in the TIME determine the efficacy of antitumor immunity. Over the past few years, nanomaterials, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, multifunctionality, and good targeting ability, have gradually become important tools for modulating the immune microenvironment. By precisely delivering immunomodulatory factors, nanomaterials can effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs), enhance the function of effector T cells, and reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In addition, nanomaterials can alleviate the local hypoxic and acidic tumor microenvironment, which in turn promotes immune cell function and enhances the antitumor immune effect. In light of the aforementioned associations, we summarize the existing studies, systematically describe the latest research progress on the use of nanomaterials in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment, and analyze the potential applications and challenges in tumor immunotherapy, with the goal of providing new therapeutic directions and strategies for tumor immunotherapy.

Modulation of the immune microenvironment using nanomaterials: a new strategy for tumor immunotherapy.

The intestinal microbiota, present in vast numbers within the human body, plays a pivotal role, with its composition and abundance varying significantly across individuals. This gut microbiota not only contributes to normal physiological development but also impacts the initiation, progression, resolution, and prognosis of various diseases. Recent studies have increasingly illuminated the connection between intestinal microbiota and pain, with a particular focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and neuropathic pain (NP). NP, an acute and chronic pain disorder arising from sensory nervous system injury, encompasses both peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota influences NP occurrence and may modulate its severity. This review synthesizes current research findings on the microbiota-NP relationship, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for future clinical investigations.

Advances in the Study of Intestinal Microbiota and Neuropathic Pain.

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is a frequent side effect of chemotherapy, and the mechanisms by which Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Tang (HQGZWWT) prevents and treats CINP remain to be further elucidated.

Article	Year
Etiologic diagnosis of lower respiratory tract bacterial infections using sputum samples and quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 22719933	2012
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy\| PubMed ID: 26799652	2016
Chronic Kidney Disease Induces Inflammatory CD40+ Monocyte Differentiation via Homocysteine Elevation and DNA Hypomethylation. Circulation research\| PubMed ID: 27992360	2016
Home-Based Transcutaneous Neuromodulation Improved Constipation via Modulating Gastrointestinal Hormones and Bile Acids. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM\| PubMed ID: 29853946	2018
The analgesic effect of paeoniflorin: A focused review. Open life sciences\| PubMed ID: 39220595	2024
Animal models of cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain. Animal models and experimental medicine\| PubMed ID: 39854055	2025
Nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery for immunotherapy of digestive tract tumors. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 40109337	2025
Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain in cancer: animal models and related research progress. Frontiers in pharmacology\| PubMed ID: 40520182	2025
Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining. Open life sciences\| PubMed ID: 40667489	2025
Modulation of the immune microenvironment using nanomaterials: a new strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 40672947	2025
Advances in the Study of Intestinal Microbiota and Neuropathic Pain. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)\| PubMed ID: 41351422	2025
A study on the network pharmacology of HQGZWWT that prevents CINP by inhibiting ferroptosis through regulation of the p38/c-FOS/NF-kB pathway. Journal of ethnopharmacology\| PubMed ID: 41619865	2026

Jun Yu

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