determination-transport-rate-xenobiotics-nanomaterials-across

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the <em>ex vivo</em> Human Placental Perfusion Model

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research

Early indicators for nanoparticle-derived adverse health effects should provide a relative measure for cytotoxicity of nanomaterials in comparison to existing toxicological data. We have therefore evaluated a human mesothelioma and a rodent fibroblast cell line for in vitro cytotoxicity tests using seven industrially important nanoparticles. Their response in terms of metabolic activity and cell proliferation of cultures exposed to 0-30 ppm nanoparticles (microg g(-1)) was compared to the effects of nontoxic amorphous silica and toxic crocidolite asbestos. Solubility was found to strongly influence the cytotoxic response. The results further revealed a nanoparticle-specific cytotoxic mechanism for uncoated iron oxide and partial detoxification or recovery after treatment with zirconia, ceria, or titania. While in vitro experiments may never replace in vivo studies, the relatively simple cytotoxic tests provide a readily available pre-screening method.

In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility.

Indicateurs pr&eacute;coces d&#39;effets nocifs d&eacute;riv&eacute;s de nanoparticules devraient fournir une mesure relative de cytotoxicit&eacute; des nanomat&eacute;riaux en comparaison avec les donn&eacute;es toxicologiques existantes. Nous avons donc &eacute;valu&eacute; un m&eacute;soth&eacute;liome humaine et une lign&eacute;e de cellules de fibroblaste de rongeurs pour des tests de cytotoxicit&eacute; in vitro utilisant des nanoparticules industriellement importants sept. Leur r&eacute;ponse sur le plan m&eacute;tabolique activit&eacute; and cell proliferation of cultures expos&eacute;es aux nanoparticules de 0 &agrave; 30 ppm (microg g(-1)) a compar&eacute; les effets de la silice amorphe non toxique et l&#39;amiante crocidolite toxiques. Solubilit&eacute; s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e pour fortement influencer la r&eacute;ponse cytotoxique. De plus, les r&eacute;sultats ont r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; un m&eacute;canisme cytotoxique de nanoparticules sp&eacute;cifiques pour non rev&ecirc;tu d&#39;oxyde de fer et de d&eacute;sintoxication partielle ou de r&eacute;cup&eacute;ration apr&egrave;s traitement avec la zircone, ceria ou titania. Alors que les exp&eacute;riences in vitro ne peuvent jamais remplacer des &eacute;tudes in vivo, les tests cytotoxiques relativement simples fournissent une m&eacute;thode de pr&eacute;s&eacute;lection facilement disponible.

La cytotoxicit&eacute; in vitro de nanoparticules d&#39;oxyde : Comparaison de l&#39;amiante, silice et l&#39;effet de la solubilit&eacute; des particules.

Primi indicatori per gli effetti avversi per la salute delle nanoparticelle derivate dovrebbero fornire una misura relativa di citotossicit&agrave; dei nanomateriali in confronto dati tossicologici esistenti. Abbiamo pertanto abbiamo valutato un mesotelioma umano e una linea cellulare dei fibroblasti roditore per i test di citotossicit&agrave; in vitro usando nanoparticelle industrialmente importanti sette. La loro risposta in termini metabolici proliferazione delle cellule e attivit&agrave; delle culture esposti alle nanoparticelle di 0-30 ppm (microg g(-1)) &egrave; stato confrontato con gli effetti di silice amorfa non tossici e tossici crocidolite amianto. Solubilit&agrave; &egrave; stato trovato per avere una forte influenza la risposta citotossica. I risultati hanno rivelato inoltre un meccanismo citotossico nanoparticella specifici per ossido di ferro non patinata e parziale disintossicazione o recupero dopo trattamento con ossido di zirconio, ceria o titania. Mentre gli esperimenti in vitro non possono mai sostituire gli studi in vivo, il test citotossico relativamente semplice fornire un metodo di pre-screening prontamente disponibile.

Citotossicit&agrave; in vitro delle nanoparticelle di ossido: confronto di amianto, silice e l&#39;effetto della solubilit&agrave; delle particelle.

The urgent need for toxicological studies on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has arisen from the rapidly emerging applications of CNTs well beyond material science and engineering. In order to provide a basis for comparison to existing epidemiological data, we have investigated CNTs at various degrees of agglomeration using an in vitro cytotoxicity study with human MSTO-211H cells. Non-cytotoxic polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate was found to well-disperse CNT. In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of well-dispersed CNT were compared with that of conventionally purified rope-like agglomerated CNTs and asbestos as a reference. While suspended CNT-bundles were less cytotoxic than asbestos, rope-like agglomerates induced more pronounced cytotoxic effects than asbestos fibres at the same concentrations. The study underlines the need for thorough materials characterization prior to toxicological studies and corroborates the role of agglomeration in the cytotoxic effect of nanomaterials.

The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity.

L&#39;urgente n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&#39;&eacute;tudes toxicologiques sur des nanotubes de carbone (CNTs) a surgi des rapidement de nouvelles applications de CNTs bien au-del&agrave; de science des mat&eacute;riaux et du g&eacute;nie. Afin de fournir une base pour les comparer avec les donn&eacute;es &eacute;pid&eacute;miologiques existantes, nous avons &eacute;tudi&eacute; la CNTs &agrave; des degr&eacute;s divers de l&#39;agglom&eacute;ration &agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;une &eacute;tude de la cytotoxicit&eacute; in vitro des cellules humaines MSTO - 211 H. Non cytotoxiques monool&eacute;ate de polyoxy&eacute;thyl&egrave;ne sorbitane s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute; bien-CNT se dispersent. Dans la pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude, les effets cytotoxiques du CNT bien dispers&eacute; ont &eacute;t&eacute; compar&eacute;s avec celui de conventionnellement purifi&eacute;es CNTs agglom&eacute;r&eacute;es de corde et de l&#39;amiante comme une r&eacute;f&eacute;rence. Tandis que la suspension CNT-forfaits &eacute;taient moins cytotoxiques que l&#39;amiante, agglom&eacute;rats de corde induit des effets cytotoxiques plus prononc&eacute;s que les fibres d&#39;amiante aux m&ecirc;mes concentrations. L&#39;&eacute;tude souligne la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; pour la caract&eacute;risation des mat&eacute;riaux approfondie avant les &eacute;tudes toxicologiques et confirme le r&ocirc;le de l&#39;agglom&eacute;ration dans l&#39;effet cytotoxique des nanomat&eacute;riaux.

Le degr&eacute; et le type d&#39;agglom&eacute;ration affectent la cytotoxicit&eacute; de nanotube de carbone.

L&#39;urgente necessit&agrave; di studi tossicologici su nanotubi di carbonio (CNTs) &egrave; sorto dalle applicazioni rapidamente emergenti di CNTs ben di l&agrave; di ingegneria e scienza dei materiali. Al fine di fornire una base per il confronto di dati epidemiologici esistenti, abbiamo studiato CNTs a vari gradi di agglomerazione utilizzando uno studio di citotossicit&agrave; in vitro con cellule umane MSTO - 211 H. Non-citotossico POLIOSSIETILENE SORBITANO monooleato &egrave; stato trovato a disperdere bene CNT. Nel presente studio, gli effetti citotossici del CNT disperso sono stati confrontati con che convenzionalmente purificato corda-come agglomerato CNTs e amianto come riferimento. Mentre sospesi CNT-fasci erano meno citotossici di amianto, corda-come agglomerati indussero effetti citotossici pi&ugrave; pronunciati rispetto a fibre di amianto alle stesse concentrazioni. Lo studio sottolinea la necessit&agrave; per la caratterizzazione di materiali approfondita prima di studi tossicologici e corrobora il ruolo di agglomerazione nell&#39;effetto citotossico dei nanomateriali.

Il grado ed il tipo di agglomerato influenzare citotossicit&agrave; di nanotubi di carbonio.

The chemical and catalytic activity of nanoparticles has strongly contributed to the current tremendous interest in engineered nanomaterials and often serves as a guiding principle for the design of functional materials. Since it has most recently become evident that such active materials can enter into cells or organisms, the present study investigates the level of intracellular oxidations after exposure to iron-, cobalt-, manganese-, and titania-containing silica nanoparticles and the corresponding pure oxides in vitro. The resulting oxidative stress was quantitatively measured as the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of thoroughly characterized nanoparticles of the same morphology, comparable size, shape, and degree of agglomeration allowed separation of physical (rate of particle uptake, agglomeration, sedimentation) and chemical effects (oxidations). Three sets of control experiments elucidated the role of nanoparticles as carriers for heavy metal uptake and excluded a potential interference of the biological assay with the nanomaterial. The present results indicate that the particles could efficiently enter the cells by a Trojan-horse type mechanism which provoked an up to eight times higher oxidative stress in the case of cobalt or manganese if compared to reference cultures exposed to aqueous solutions of the same metals. A systematic investigation on iron-containing nanoparticles as used in industrial fine chemical synthesis demonstrated that the presence of catalytic activity could strongly alter the damaging action of a nanomaterial. This indicates that a proactive development of nanomaterials and their risk assessment should consider chemical and catalytic properties of nanomaterials beyond a mere focus on physical properties such as size, shape, and degree of agglomeration.

Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress.

L&#39;activit&eacute; chimique et catalytique des nanoparticules a fortement contribu&eacute; &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;norme int&eacute;r&ecirc;t nanomat&eacute;riaux et sert souvent de principe directeur pour la conception de mat&eacute;riaux fonctionnels. Depuis plus r&eacute;cemment, il est devenu &eacute;vident que ces mat&eacute;riaux actifs peut entrer dans les cellules ou d&#39;organismes, la pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude examine le niveau des oxydations intracellulaires apr&egrave;s exposition &agrave; fer-, cobalt, mangan&egrave;se et titania contenant des nanoparticules de silice et les oxydes correspondants de pures in vitro. Le stress oxydatif qui en r&eacute;sulte est mesur&eacute; quantitativement comme la lib&eacute;ration d&#39;esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne (ROS). L&#39;utilisation de nanoparticules bien caract&eacute;ris&eacute;s de la m&ecirc;me morphologie, taille comparable, forme et degr&eacute; d&#39;agglom&eacute;ration permet la s&eacute;paration physique (taux d&#39;absorption de particules, agglom&eacute;ration, s&eacute;dimentation) et des effets chimiques (oxydation). Trois s&eacute;ries d&#39;exp&eacute;riences de contr&ocirc;le &eacute;lucid&eacute; le r&ocirc;le des nanoparticules comme porteurs pour l&#39;absorption des m&eacute;taux lourds et exclu une interf&eacute;rence potentielle du dosage biologique avec le nanomat&eacute;riaux. Ces r&eacute;sultats indiquent que les particules pouvaient entrer efficacement les cellules par un m&eacute;canisme de type cheval de Troie qui a provoqu&eacute; un jusqu&#39;&agrave; huit fois plus &eacute;lev&eacute; oxidative stress dans le cas de cobalt ou de mangan&egrave;se par rapport &agrave; des cultures de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence expos&eacute;s aux solutions aqueuses des m&eacute;taux m&ecirc;mes. Une enqu&ecirc;te syst&eacute;matique sur le contenant du fer nanoparticles tel qu&#39;utilis&eacute; dans la synth&egrave;se chimique fine industrielle a d&eacute;montr&eacute; que la pr&eacute;sence d&#39;activit&eacute; catalytique pouvait modifier fortement l&#39;action dommageable d&#39;un nanomat&eacute;riau. Ceci indique qu&#39;un d&eacute;veloppement proactive des nanomat&eacute;riaux et de leur &eacute;valuation des risques devrait envisager chimique et les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s catalytiques des nanomat&eacute;riaux au-del&agrave; d&#39;une simple se concentrent sur les propri&eacute;t&eacute;s physiques comme la taille, la forme et le degr&eacute; d&#39;agglom&eacute;ration.

Exposition des nanoparticules machin&eacute;s aux cellules &eacute;pith&eacute;liales pulmonaires humaines : influence de la composition chimique et activit&eacute; catalytique sur le stress oxydatif.

La chimica e di attivit&agrave; catalitica delle nanoparticelle ha contribuito fortemente all&#39;attuale interesse tremendo nei nanomateriali ingegnerizzati e spesso serve come principio guida per la progettazione di materiali funzionali. Dal momento che di recente &egrave; diventato evidente che tali materiali attivi possono entrare nelle cellule o organismi, il presente studio indaga il livello di ossidazione intracellulare dopo l&#39;esposizione al ferro-, cobalto, manganese e titania contenenti nanoparticelle di silice e corrispondenti ossidi puri in vitro. Lo stress ossidativo risultante &egrave; stato misurato quantitativamente come il rilascio di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno (ROS). Separazione degli effetti chimici (ossidazioni) e fisico (tasso di assorbimento delle particelle, agglomerato, sedimentazione) &egrave; consentito l&#39;uso delle nanoparticelle accuratamente caratterizzate della stessa morfologia, dimensioni comparabili, forma e grado di agglomerazione. Tre set di esperimenti di controllo chiarito il ruolo delle nanoparticelle come vettori per assorbimento di metalli pesanti ed escluso una potenziale interferenza del dosaggio biologico con i nanomateriali. I risultati attuali indicano che le particelle potevano entrare in modo efficiente le cellule da un meccanismo di tipo cavallo di Troia che ha provocato un fino allo stress ossidativo otto volte superiore nel caso di cobalto o manganese rispetto alle culture di riferimento esposte a soluzioni acquose dei metalli stessi. Un&#39;indagine sistematica su ferro-contenenti nanoparticelle come utilizzato nella sintesi chimica industriale ha dimostrato che la presenza di attivit&agrave; catalitica fortemente potrebbe alterare l&#39;azione dannosa di un nanomateriale. Questo indica che uno sviluppo proattivo dei nanomateriali e loro valutazione del rischio deve considerare chimico e propriet&agrave; catalitiche dei nanomateriali di l&agrave; di un semplice concentrarsi sulle propriet&agrave; fisiche quali dimensione, forma e grado di agglomerazione.

L&#39;esposizione delle nanoparticelle ingegnerizzate alle cellule epiteliali del polmone umano: influenza della composizione chimica e l&#39;attivit&agrave; catalitica sullo stress ossidativo.

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) find their way in various industrial applications. Due to the expected increased production of various carbon nanotubes and nanoparticle containing products, exposure to engineered nanoparticles will also increase dramatically in parallel. In this study the effects of SWCNT raw material and purified SWCNT (SWCNT bundles) on cell behaviour of mesothelioma cells (MSTO-211H) and on epithelial cells (A549) had been investigated. The effect on cell behaviour (cell proliferation, cell activity, cytoskeleton organization, apoptosis and cell adhesion) were dependent on cell type, SWCNT quality (purified or not) and SWCNT concentration.

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) affect cell physiology and cell architecture.

Nanotubes de carbone (Ncm) retrouvent dans diverses applications industrielles. En raison de la production accrue attendue de divers de nanotubes de carbone et de nanoparticules contenant des produits, exposition aux nanoparticules machin&eacute;s permettra &eacute;galement d&#39;augmenter consid&eacute;rablement en parall&egrave;le. Dans cette &eacute;tude, les effets de mati&egrave;re premi&egrave;re SWCNT et purifi&eacute;e NCM (faisceaux SWCNT) sur le comportement cellulaire des cellules de m&eacute;soth&eacute;liome (MSTO - 211H), ainsi que sur les cellules &eacute;pith&eacute;liales (A549) avaient &eacute;t&eacute; examin&eacute;s. L&#39;effet sur le comportement de la cellule (la prolif&eacute;ration cellulaire, l&#39;activit&eacute; des cellules, adh&eacute;rence d&#39;organisation, de l&#39;apoptose et de cellule cytosquelette) d&eacute;pendaient de type cellulaire, qualit&eacute; NCM (purifi&eacute;e ou non) et concentration Ncm.

Nanotubes de carbone (Ncm) influent sur la physiologie cellulaire et l&#39;architecture de la cellule.

Nanotubi di carbonio murato singolo (SWCNT) trovare la loro strada in varie applicazioni industriali. A causa del previsto aumento della produzione di nanotubi di carbonio e vari prodotti contenenti nanoparticelle, l&#39;esposizione alle nanoparticelle ingegnerizzate inoltre aumenter&agrave; drammaticamente in parallelo. In questo studio erano stati studiati gli effetti della materia prima SWCNT e purificato SWCNT (fasci SWCNT) sul comportamento delle cellule delle cellule di mesotelioma (MSTO - 211H) e su cellule epiteliali (A549). L&#39;effetto sul comportamento delle cellule (proliferazione cellulare, attivit&agrave; delle cellule, adesione cellulare, l&#39;apoptosi e organizzazione del citoscheletro) erano dipende dal tipo di cellula, qualit&agrave; SWCNT (purificato o non) e concentrazione SWCNT.

Nanotubi di carbonio murato singolo (SWCNT) influisce sulla fisiologia delle cellule e l&#39;architettura delle cellule.

Humans have been exposed to fine and ultrafine particles throughout their history. Since the Industrial Revolution, sources, doses, and types of nanoparticles have changed dramatically. In the last decade, the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology has led to an increase of engineered nanoparticles with novel physical and chemical properties. Regardless of whether this exposure is unintended or not, a careful assessment of possible adverse effects is needed. A large number of projects have been carried out to assess the consequences of combustion-derived or engineered nanoparticle exposure on human health. In recent years there has been a growing concern about the possible health influence of exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy, hence an implicit concern about potential risk for nanoparticle exposure in utero. Previous work has not addressed the question of whether nanoparticles may cross the placenta.

Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials.

Les humains ont &eacute;t&eacute; expos&eacute;s &agrave; des particules fines et ultrafines tout au long de leur histoire. Depuis la r&eacute;volution industrielle, les sources, doses et types de nanoparticules ont chang&eacute; radicalement. Au cours de la derni&egrave;re d&eacute;cennie, le domaine d&eacute;veloppe rapidement des nanotechnologies a conduit &agrave; une augmentation de nanoparticules machin&eacute;s avec nouvelles propri&eacute;t&eacute;s physiques et chimiques. Que cette exposition soit involontaire ou pas, il faut une &eacute;valuation minutieuse des &eacute;ventuels effets n&eacute;fastes. Un grand nombre de projets ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;e pour &eacute;valuer les cons&eacute;quences de l&#39;exposition de d&eacute;riv&eacute; de combustion ou machin&eacute; des nanoparticules sur la sant&eacute; humaine. Ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, il y a eu une inqui&eacute;tude croissante quant &agrave; l&#39;influence d&#39;&eacute;ventuels pour la sant&eacute; de l&#39;exposition aux polluants atmosph&eacute;riques pendant la grossesse, d&#39;o&ugrave; un souci implicit tout risque potentiel d&#39;exposition de nanoparticules dans l&#39;ut&eacute;rus. Les travaux ant&eacute;rieurs n&#39;a pas abord&eacute; la question de savoir si les nanoparticules peuvent traverser le placenta.

Capacit&eacute; de la barri&egrave;re du placenta humain pour les mat&eacute;riaux de taille nanom&eacute;trique.

Gli esseri umani sono stati esposti a particelle fini e ultrafini in tutta la loro storia. Poich&eacute; la rivoluzione industriale, fonti, dosi e tipi di nanoparticelle sono cambiate drasticamente. Nell&#39;ultimo decennio, il campo rapido sviluppo delle nanotecnologie ha portato ad un aumento delle nanoparticelle ingegnerizzate con nuove propriet&agrave; fisiche e chimiche. Indipendentemente dal fatto che questa esposizione sia involontaria o non, &egrave; necessaria un&#39;attenta valutazione dei possibili effetti avversi. Un gran numero di progetti &egrave; stato effettuato per valutare le conseguenze dell&#39;esposizione delle nanoparticelle ingegnerizzate o derivati di combustione su salute umana. Negli ultimi anni c&#39;&egrave; stata una crescente preoccupazione circa l&#39;influenza di salute possibili di esposizione ad inquinanti atmosferici durante la gravidanza, quindi un&#39;implicita preoccupazione per rischio potenziale per l&#39;esposizione alle nanoparticelle nell&#39;utero. Lavoro precedente non ha affrontato la questione se le nanoparticelle possono attraversare la placenta.

Capacit&agrave; di barriera della placenta umana per i materiali di dimensioni nanometriche.

The close resemblance of carbon nanotubes to asbestos fibers regarding their high aspect ratio, biopersistence and reactivity increases public concerns on the widespread use of these materials. The purpose of this study was not only to address the acute adverse effects of industrially produced multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on human lung and immune cells in vitro but also to further understand if their accumulation and biopersistence leads to long-term consequences or induces adaptive changes in these cells. In contrast to asbestos fibers, pristine MWCNTs did not induce overt cell death in A549 lung epithelial cells and Jurkat T lymphocytes after acute exposure to high doses of this material (up to 30 Î¼g/ml). Nevertheless, very high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased metabolic activity were observed which might affect long-term viability of these cells. However, the continuous presence of low amounts of MWCNTs (0.5 Î¼g/ml) for 6 months did not have major adverse long-term effects although large amounts of nanotubes accumulated at least in A549 cells. Moreover, MWCNTs did not appear to induce adaptive mechanisms against particle stress in long-term treated A549 cells. Our study demonstrates that despite the high potential for ROS formation, pristine MWCNTs can accumulate and persist within cells without having major long-term consequences or inducing adaptive mechanisms.

A comparison of acute and long-term effects of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human lung and immune cells in vitro.

La ressemblance des nanotubes de carbone aux fibres d&#39;amiante au sujet de leur grand allongement, la biopersistance et la r&eacute;activit&eacute; augmente les pr&eacute;occupations du public concernant le recours g&eacute;n&eacute;ralis&eacute; de ces mat&eacute;riaux. Le but de cette &eacute;tude &eacute;tait non seulement pour traiter les effets n&eacute;fastes aigus d&#39;industriellement produites multiwalled nanotubes de carbone (NCPM) sur le poumon humain et immunitaire cellules in vitro mais aussi &agrave; d&#39;autres de comprendre si leur accumulation et leur biopersistance entra&icirc;ne des cons&eacute;quences &agrave; long terme ou induit des changements adaptatifs dans ces cellules. Contrairement aux fibres d&#39;amiante, NCPM vierge n&#39;a pas induit la mort cellulaire manifestes dans les cellules &eacute;pith&eacute;liales pulmonaires A549 et lymphocytes T Jurkat apr&egrave;s une exposition aigu&euml; &agrave; de fortes doses de ce mat&eacute;riel (jusqu&#39;&agrave; 30 &mu;g/ml). N&eacute;anmoins, des esp&egrave;ces r&eacute;actives de l&#39;oxyg&egrave;ne (ROS) et diminution de l&#39;activit&eacute; m&eacute;tabolique des niveaux tr&egrave;s &eacute;lev&eacute;s ont &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;s qui pourraient influer sur la viabilit&eacute; &agrave; long terme de ces cellules. Toutefois, la pr&eacute;sence continue de faibles quantit&eacute;s de NCPM (0,5 &mu;g/ml) pour 6 mois n&#39;avaient pas de grands effets &agrave; long terme m&ecirc;me si de grandes quantit&eacute;s de nanotubes accumulent au moins dans les cellules A549. En outre, NCPM ne semble pas induire des m&eacute;canismes d&#39;adaptation contre le stress de la particule dans les cellules A549 trait&eacute;es &agrave; long terme. Notre &eacute;tude d&eacute;montre que, malgr&eacute; le fort potentiel de formation de ROS, NCPM vierge peut s&#39;accumuler et persister dans les cellules sans avoir des cons&eacute;quences importantes &agrave; long terme ou induisant des m&eacute;canismes d&#39;adaptation.

Une comparaison des effets aigus et &agrave; long terme des nanotubes de carbone multiparois industrielle sur le poumon humain et in vitro de cellules immunitaires.

La stretta somiglianza dei nanotubi di carbonio a fibre di amianto per quanto riguarda il loro alto allungamento, la persistenza biologica e la reattivit&agrave; aumenta preoccupazioni del pubblico sull&#39;uso diffuso di questi materiali. Lo scopo di questo studio &egrave; stato non solo per affrontare gli effetti avversi acuti di industrialmente prodotto multiparete nanotubi di carbonio (MWCNTs) su polmone umano e immunitario le cellule in vitro ma anche ulteriormente capire se loro accumulo e persistenza biologica porta a conseguenze a lungo termine o induce cambiamenti adattivi in queste cellule. In contrasto con le fibre di amianto, MWCNTs incontaminato non ha indotto morte cellulare palese in A549 nelle cellule epiteliali del polmone e Jurkat T linfociti dopo esposizione acuta a dosi elevate di questo materiale (fino a 30 &mu;g/ml). Tuttavia, livelli molto elevati di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno (ROS) e una ridotta attivit&agrave; metabolica sono stati osservati che potrebbero influenzare la redditivit&agrave; a lungo termine di queste cellule. Tuttavia, la continua presenza di basse quantit&agrave; di MWCNTs (0,5 &mu;g/ml) per 6 mesi non ha avuto grandi effetti negativi a lungo termine anche se grandi quantit&agrave; di nanotubi accumulato almeno nelle cellule A549. Inoltre, MWCNTs non sembrano indurre meccanismi adattativi contro lo stress della particella in cellule A549 trattate a lungo termine. Il nostro studio dimostra che nonostante l&#39;alto potenziale per la formazione di ROS, MWCNTs incontaminata pu&ograve; accumulare e persistere all&#39;interno delle cellule senza avere importanti conseguenze a lungo termine o indurre meccanismi adattativi.

Article	Year
In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 16903273	2006
The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicology letters\| PubMed ID: 17169512	2007
Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to human lung epithelial cells: influence of chemical composition and catalytic activity on oxidative stress. Environmental science & technology\| PubMed ID: 17612205	2007
Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) affect cell physiology and cell architecture. Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine\| PubMed ID: 17990080	2008
Barrier capacity of human placenta for nanosized materials. Environmental health perspectives\| PubMed ID: 20064770	2010
A comparison of acute and long-term effects of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human lung and immune cells in vitro. Toxicology letters\| PubMed ID: 21112381	2011

Pius Manser

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