an-vitro-model-to-study-immune-responses-human-peripheral-blood

An <em>In vitro</em> Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Radboud university medical center

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants, with remarkable variability in disease severity. An exaggerated proinflammatory response and influx of leukocytes is part of the pathogenesis of severe RSV disease. Here, we show an increase in proinflammatory cytokine production by human immune cells after stimulation with RSV and muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is recognized by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2). PBMCs from Crohn's disease patients homozygous for the 3020insC mutation in the NOD2 gene did not show a synergistic response to stimulation with RSV and MDP, suggesting that NOD2 is essential for the observed synergy. Further experiments aimed at identifying the viral ligand indicated that viral RNA plays an essential role in the recognition of RSV. Stimulation with RSV or Poly(I:C) induced IFN-β expression, which resulted in an increased expression of the viral receptors TLR3 and RIG-I, as well as an increased NOD2 expression. Our data indicate that IFN-β induction by viral RNA is an essential first step in the increased proinflammatory response to MDP. We hypothesize that the enhanced proinflammatory response to MDP following RSV infection may be an important factor in determining the outcome of the severity of disease.

Respiratory syncytial virus infection augments NOD2 signaling in an IFN-β-dependent manner in human primary cells.

It is well established that infection with influenza A virus (IAV) facilitates secondary bacterial disease. However, there is a growing body of evidence that the microbial context in which IAV infection occurs can affect both innate and adaptive responses to the virus. To date, these studies have been restricted to murine models of disease and the relevance of these findings in primary human cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that pre-stimulation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with the bacterial ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduces the ability of IAV to infect these cells. The inhibition of IAV infection was associated with a reduced transcription of viral RNA and the ability of LPS to induce an anti-viral/type I interferon response in human MDMs. We demonstrated that this reduced rate of viral infection is associated with a reduced ability to present a model antigen to autologous CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that exposure to bacterial ligands like LPS can play an important role in modulating the immune response of primary human immune cells towards IAV infection, which may then have important consequences for the development of the host's adaptive immune response.

Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection of Human Macrophages and the Consequent Induction of CD8+ T Cell Immunity.

RSV infections are a major burden in infants less than 3 months of age. Newborns and infants express a distinct immune system that is largely dependent on innate immunity and passive immunity from maternal antibodies. Antibodies can regulate immune responses against viruses through interaction with Fc gamma receptors leading to enhancement or neutralization of viral infections. The mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Fc gamma receptors on viral infections have yet to be elucidated in infants. Herein, we will discuss current knowledge of the effects of antibodies and Fc gamma receptors on infant innate immunity to RSV. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of RSV infections in young infants may provide insight into novel therapeutic strategies such as vaccination. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fc gamma receptors in respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for innate immunity.

To understand the interactions between innate and adaptive immunity, and specifically how virally infected macrophages impact T cell function, novel assays examining the ability of macrophages to present antigen to CD8(+) T cells are needed. In the present study, we have developed a robust in vitro assay to measure how antigen presentation by human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) affects the functional capacity of autologous CD8(+) T cells. The assay is based on the polyfunctional characteristics of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, and is thus called a Mac-CD8 Polyfunctionality Assay. Following purification of monocytes and their maturation to MDMs, MDMs were pulsed with an antigenic peptide to be presented to CD8(+) T cells. Peptide-pulsed MDMs were then incubated with antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in order to assess the efficacy of antigen presentation to T cells. CD8(+) T cell polyfunctionality was assessed by staining with mAbs to IFN-γ, TNF-α, and CD107a in a multi-color intracellular cytokine staining assay. To highlight the utility of the Mac-CD8 Polyfunctionality Assay, we assessed the effects of influenza infection on the ability of human macrophages to present antigen to CD8(+) T cells. We found that influenza infection of human MDMs can alter the effector efficacy of MDMs to activate more CD8(+) T cells with cytotoxic capacity. This has important implications for understanding how the virus-infected macrophages affect adaptive immunity at the site of infection.

Article	Year
Respiratory syncytial virus infection augments NOD2 signaling in an IFN-β-dependent manner in human primary cells. European journal of immunology\| PubMed ID: 22730064	2012
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Inhibits Influenza Virus Infection of Human Macrophages and the Consequent Induction of CD8+ T Cell Immunity. Journal of innate immunity\| PubMed ID: 23970306	2013
Fc gamma receptors in respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for innate immunity. Reviews in medical virology\| PubMed ID: 24227634	2013
A Novel Method Linking Antigen Presentation by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages to CD8(+) T Cell Polyfunctionality. Frontiers in immunology\| PubMed ID: 24312096	2013

Marloes Vissers

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