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JoVE Business
Microeconomics
消费者偏好 II
消费者偏好 II
Business
Microeconomics
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Business Microeconomics
The Consumer Preferences II

5.5: 消费者偏好 II

384 Views
01:23 min
August 1, 2024
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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.

Overview

关于消费者偏好的假设

上一课解释了关于消费者偏好的两个假设。下面将介绍其余两个。

传递

这意味着消费者的偏好在不同的市场篮子中是一致的。例如,消费者更喜欢篮子 A 而不是篮子 B,更喜欢篮子 B 而不是篮子 C。预计同一消费者会更喜欢篮子 A 而不是篮子 C。这可以符号地表示为

如果 A ≻ B 且 B ≻ C,则 A ≻ C。

随着消费者积累更多特定商品,他们牺牲另一件商品以获得更多特定商品的意愿就会降低。

一个人愿意用一种商品换取另一种商品的汇率称为边际替代率,或 MRS。消费者用一种商品换另一种商品的意愿会随着他们获得更多的商品而变化。

边际替代率 (MRS) 是消费者愿意放弃的一种商品的数量之比,以再购买另一种商品的单位。例如,当消费者最初有一个汉堡和一盘装满饼干时,她可能愿意放弃她的三个饼干来获得额外的汉堡。MRS 的比例是 3 块饼干对 1 个汉堡。

如果她在已经吃了两个汉堡后还想多吃一个汉堡,她可能会看重第三个汉堡比第二个汉堡少吃。这意味着她可能愿意只放弃两块饼干来获得第三个汉堡。因此,她愿意牺牲的饼干数量会随着她获得更多的汉堡而减少。

这是边际替代率递减的一个例子:随着消费者获得越来越多的商品单位,商品的 MRS 往往会下降。

Transcript

消费者行为的研究基于关于消费者偏好的一些假设。

传递性假设意味着客户的偏好在逻辑上是一致的。例如,考虑三辆汽车。A 车是跑车,B 车是 SUV,C 车是轿车。

John 更喜欢 A 车而不是 B 车。此外,他更喜欢 B 车而不是 C 车。根据传递性原则,John 应该更喜欢 A 车而不是 C 车。

还假设,随着消费者积累更多特定商品,他们放弃另一种商品以获得更多这些特定商品的意愿会降低。

例如,John 喜欢收集书籍。随着他积累书籍,他放弃另一种东西(例如新衣服)以多买一本书的意愿会降低。

一个人愿意用一种商品换另一种商品的汇率称为边际替代率,或 MRS。

这些假设,以及偏好的连续性等其他假设,帮助经济学家建模和理解消费者行为,构成了需求分析和微观经济理论其他领域的基础。

Key Terms and Definitions

  • Consumer Preferences - The subjective tastes of individuals or groups towards goods or services.
  • Transitivity - A consistent preference hierarchy among different market baskets.
  • Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) - The rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another.
  • Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution - The decrease in MRS as consumption of a good increases.
  • Basket - A collection of goods or services considered together.

Learning Objectives

  • Define Consumer Preferences - Understand consumer's subjective tastes (e.g., consumer preferences).
  • Understand Transitivity - Appreciate the consistency in preference hierarchy (e.g., transitivity).
  • Calculate Marginal Rate of Substitution - Learn to determine the good-for-good trading rate (e.g., MRS).
  • Grasp Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution - Understand how consumption affects MRS.
  • Identify Baskets - Comprehend a collection of goods or services as a single entity.

Questions that this video will help you answer

  • What is meant by consumer preferences and how does it operate (intent to consume certain goods)?
  • What is transitivity and how does it maintain consistency in consumer preferences?
  • How to calculate the marginal rate of substitution?

This video is also useful for

  • Students - The concept of consumer preferences can aid students in deciding economic strategies.
  • Educators - It provides a clear framework for explaining consumer behaviour and economics.
  • Researchers - Consumer preferences and its understanding could serve as a crucial part of study or methodology for market researchers.
  • Economy Enthusiasts -Offers insights into consumer behaviour and can nurture interest and curiosity in economics.

Explore More Videos

消费者偏好 传递性 市场篮子 边际替代率 MRS 贸易意愿 边际率递减 商品 消费者行为 权衡

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